“…Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural nonsulfated polysaccharide composed of β-4-linked d -glucuronic acid and β-3-linked n -acetyl- d -glucosamine. , It is mainly found in the extracellular matrix (ECM), vitreous humor, and synovial fluid of vertebrates. − Due to its unique biological and physicochemical properties, as well as its safety profile, HA has a wide range of applications in medical, − food, , and cosmetic fields. , However, free HA can be easily degraded in the human body by enzymes, which leads to great limitations on its applications . To enhance the mechanical properties and prolong the in vivo residence time of HA, cross-linking agents such as 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE), , 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide (EDC), , and divinyl sulfone (DVS) , are commonly used to modify HA.…”