Hybrid achromatic microlenses with high numerical apertures and focusing efficiencies across the visible

Richards, Corey A.; Ocier, Christian R.; Xie, Dajie; Gao, Haibo; Robertson, Taylor; Goddard, Lynford L.; Christiansen, Rasmus E.; Cahill, David G.

doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38858-y

Cited by 17 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…A special hybrid diffractive lens within a host medium is shown in figure 10(f), the polymetric structure made of IP-dip is fabricated within the pores of a silicon dioxide (PSiO 2 ) locally replacing the air in the pores [134]. Due to the volumetric nature of the hybrid diffractive lens, it is quite mechanically robust with the thickness of only 15 µm.…”

Section: Diffractive Lensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-photon polymerization lithography for imaging optics

Wang,

Pan,

et al. 2024

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.

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Optical imaging systems have greatly extended human visual capabilities, enabling the observation and understanding of diverse phenomena. Imaging technologies span a broad spectrum of wavelengths from X-ray to radio frequencies and impact research activities and our daily lives. Traditional glass lenses are fabricated through a series of complex processes, while polymers offer versatility and ease of production. However, modern applications often require complex lens assemblies, driving the need for miniaturization and advanced designs with micro- and nanoscale features to surpass the capabilities of traditional fabrication methods. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, or additive manufacturing, presents a solution to these challenges with benefits of rapid prototyping, customized geometries, and efficient production, particularly suited for miniaturized optical imaging devices. Various 3D printing methods have demonstrated advantages over traditional counterparts, yet challenges remain in achieving nanoscale resolutions. Two-photon polymerization lithography (TPL), a nanoscale 3D printing technique, enables the fabrication of intricate structures beyond the optical diffraction limit via the nonlinear process of two-photon absorption within liquid resin. It offers unprecedented abilities, e.g., alignment-free fabrication, micro- and nanoscale capabilities, and rapid prototyping of almost arbitrary complex 3D nanostructures. In this review, we emphasize the importance of the criteria for optical performance evaluation of imaging devices, discuss material properties relevant to TPL, fabrication techniques, and highlight the application of TPL in optical imaging. As the first panoramic review on this topic, it will equip researchers with foundational knowledge and recent advancements of TPL for imaging optics, promoting a deeper understanding of the field. By leveraging on its high-resolution capability, extensive material range, and true 3D processing, alongside advances in materials, fabrication, and design, we envisage disruptive solutions to current challenges and a promising incorporation of TPL in future optical imaging applications.

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Section: Diffractive Lensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-photon polymerization lithography for imaging optics

Wang,

Pan,

et al. 2024

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.

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“…The ability to change the refractive index locally is critical for high‐performance optical devices. Such devices are also known as gradient index lenses (GRINs), [ 6 ] and while they are commonly found as classical bulky structures, [ 7 ] there is a high interest in their development at the microscale and their integration into complex systems such as achromatic microlenses [ 8 ] or optical fibers used in optofluidic systems. [ 9 ] In this work, we show that we can extend GRIN lenses to the field of nano‐optics thanks to the layer‐by‐layer method and the transparent metal idea, opening the exploration of lens‐like devices at the nanoscale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wet Chemical Engineering of Nanostructured GRIN Lenses

Becerril‐Castro,

Turino,

Pazos‐Perez

et al. 2024

Advanced Optical Materials

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Gradient‐index (GRIN) lenses have long been recognized for their importance in optics as a result of their ability to manipulate light. However, traditional GRIN lenses are limited on a scale of tens of microns, impeding their integration into nanoscale optical devices. This study presents a groundbreaking self‐assembled method that overcomes this limitation, allowing for constructing GRIN lenses at an extremely small dimension. The self‐assembly process offers several advantages, including creating highly precise, scalable, cost‐effective, and complex structures that eliminate the need for intricate and time‐consuming manual assembly. By engineering densely packed arrays of metallic nanoparticles, exceptional control over the local refractive index has been achieved. This is accomplished by layer‐by‐layer assembly of gold nanoparticles of different sizes over silica beads. A GRIN lens light‐sink is built where light is preferentially directed toward the center, which is corroborated by measuring the fluorescence of Rhodamine B (RhB) in the inside. Unlike traditional bulky macroscopic GRIN lenses, light‐sinks boast a size under 2.5 µm. Notably, the self‐focusing effects of this design allowed us to track the growth of single‐nanoparticle layers using SERS (Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy). These results pave the way for designing and developing lens‐like devices at the nanoscale, allowing unprecedented light manipulation.

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“…Only the light focused on the measured surface can be reflected to the pinhole with maximum intensity, which is represented by a significant peak feature on the spectral power distribution (SPD). There is a proportionality [8] between the position on the line array detector x and the spectral wavelength , l which is determined by the parameters of the dispersive grating. The dispersion equation for a grating is:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing precision of chromatic confocal measurement through linear interpolation based centroid algorithm

Lu,

Dai,

Zeng

et al. 2024

Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.

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In chromatic confocal measurement (CCM), the accuracy and precision of the results rely on the robustness of the spectral power distribution (SPD) signal resolution. However, traditional centroid algorithms struggle with the inherent discretization of the SPD signal, leading to significant measurement errors. To address this issue, a linear interpolation based centroid algorithm is proposed to improve the robustness of the results. In the precision calibration experiment conducted with the in-house developed chromatic confocal sensors, the proposed algorithm demonstrates good robustness. Moreover, it achieves a 50% enhancement in the accuracy of a 4 mm range, improving from 1µm to 0.5µm.

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Hybrid achromatic microlenses with high numerical apertures and focusing efficiencies across the visible

Cited by 17 publications

References 56 publications

Two-photon polymerization lithography for imaging optics

Two-photon polymerization lithography for imaging optics

Wet Chemical Engineering of Nanostructured GRIN Lenses

Enhancing precision of chromatic confocal measurement through linear interpolation based centroid algorithm

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