Hybrid additive manufacturing of steels and alloys

Popov, V. V.; Fleisher, Alexander

doi:10.1051/mfreview/2020005

Cited by 35 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Hybrid manufacturing is commonly described as the combination of additive manufacturing and subtractive manufacturing in a single machine or a set of closely linked machines in a single production line [ 222 , 223 ]. Manufacturing of the component in such a case could start from a billet or a plate and be followed by pre-machining, manufacturing, and post-machining stages, where AM technology is used in one or more of these stages.…”

Section: Modern and Future Trends In Additive Manufacturing Of Crmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Using Critical Raw Materials: A Review

et al. 2021

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The term “critical raw materials” (CRMs) refers to various metals and nonmetals that are crucial to Europe’s economic progress. Modern technologies enabling effective use and recyclability of CRMs are in critical demand for the EU industries. The use of CRMs, especially in the fields of biomedicine, aerospace, electric vehicles, and energy applications, is almost irreplaceable. Additive manufacturing (also referred to as 3D printing) is one of the key enabling technologies in the field of manufacturing which underpins the Fourth Industrial Revolution. 3D printing not only suppresses waste but also provides an efficient buy-to-fly ratio and possesses the potential to entirely change supply and distribution chains, significantly reducing costs and revolutionizing all logistics. This review provides comprehensive new insights into CRM-containing materials processed by modern additive manufacturing techniques and outlines the potential for increasing the efficiency of CRMs utilization and reducing the dependence on CRMs through wider industrial incorporation of AM and specifics of powder bed AM methods making them prime candidates for such developments.

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Section: Modern and Future Trends In Additive Manufacturing Of Crmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Using Critical Raw Materials: A Review

et al. 2021

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“…The main goal of this method is to build three-dimensional products with precisely specified sizes and shapes by the successive melting of the metal powder, layer-by-layer [1,2]. SLM is a popular method used in material production because of: (i) low material consumption; (ii) defined product shapes and sizes; and (iii) produces different types of alloys, from Ti-alloys [2,3] and Mg-alloys [4,5] to ultra-high-strength maraging steels [6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Embrittlement of the Additively Manufactured High-Strength X3NiCoMoTi 18-9-5 Maraging Steel

et al. 2021

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The main aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of the additively manufactured high strength X3NiCoMoTi 18-9-5 maraging steel to hydrogen embrittlement. For this purpose, samples produced by selective laser melting technology, before and after heat treatment, were used. The examined samples were electrochemically charged with hydrogen in NaCl + NH4SCN solution at a current density of 50 mA/cm2 for 24 h. The H content increased from about 1 to 15 ppm. Heat treatment did not affect the amount of H trapped in the maraging steel. Tensile testing revealed that the tensile strength of the H-charged samples was much lower than that of the uncharged samples. Moreover, the material became brittle after charging compared to the ductile as-printed and heat-treated samples with elongation values of 7% and 2%, respectively. The loss of plasticity was confirmed by fractography, which revealed transformation of the fracture surface morphology from dimple-like in the as-produced state to a brittle one with smooth facets in the H-charged state.

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“…Both PBF and DED are viable options for printing onto an existing part as the substrate [ 16 , 17 ]. DED is often the AM process of choice for applications where the substrate is an existing part, as it has much greater freedom in building from non-horizontal or complex surfaces [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For PBF to be more widely used in these applications, the material characteristics at the interface between the original substrate material and the new AM material must be better understood [ 10 , 16 , 22 ]. Ideally, the characteristics at the interface should be identical to or better than the characteristics of the original material and the printed material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interface Joint Strength between SS316L Wrought Substrate and Powder Bed Fusion Built Parts

2021

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Metal powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) builds metal parts layer by layer upon a substrate material. The strength of this interface between the substrate and the printed material is important to characterize, especially in applications where the substrate is retained and included in the finished part. Ensuring that this interface between the original and the printed material has adequate material properties enables the use of this PBF AM process to repair existing structures and create new parts using both AM and conventional manufacturing. This paper studies the tensile and torsional shear strengths of wrought and PBF-built SS316L specimens and compares them to specimens that are composed of half wrought material and half PBF material. These specimens were created by building new material via PBF onto existing wrought SS316L blocks, then cutting the specimens to include both materials. The specimens are also examined using optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The PBF specimens consistently exhibited higher strength and lower ductility than the wrought specimens. The hybrid PBF/wrought specimens performed similarly to the wrought material. In none of the specimens did any failure appear to occur at or near the interface between the wrought substrate and the PBF material. In addition, most of the deformation in the PBF/wrought specimens appeared to be limited to the wrought portion of the specimens. These results are consistent with optical microscopy and EBSD showing smaller grain size in the PBF material, which correlates to increased strength in SS316L due to the Hall–Petch relationship. With the strength at the interface meeting or exceeding the strength of the original wrought material, this process shows great promise as a method for adding additional features or repairing existing structures using metal PBF AM.

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Hybrid additive manufacturing of steels and alloys

Cited by 35 publications

References 73 publications

Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Using Critical Raw Materials: A Review

Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Using Critical Raw Materials: A Review

Hydrogen Embrittlement of the Additively Manufactured High-Strength X3NiCoMoTi 18-9-5 Maraging Steel

Interface Joint Strength between SS316L Wrought Substrate and Powder Bed Fusion Built Parts

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