“…Industrial wastewater treatment encompasses diverse methods for purification, including coagulation [39,40], flocculation [41,42], adsorption [43,44], membrane filtration [45,46], froth floatation [47,48], advanced oxidation techniques [49,50], solvent extraction [51,52], ion exchange [53,54], anaerobic treatment [55,56], microbial treatment [57,58], acoustic cavitation [59], electrolysis [60,61], and activated sludge [62]. Typically, pre-treatment is carried out before subjecting industrial wastewater to these purification processes.…”