“…Commonly employed lumped-parameter heat-transfer models , derive from a simplified description of the reactor energy balance, employing assumptions such as perfect mixing on the process side, negligible residence time in the thermal jacket, instantaneous thermal response times, use of an overall heat-transfer coefficient (OHTC), U , and perfect insulation of the process vessel and thermal jacket . Sophisticated on-line control systems for batch reactors , and heat of reaction calorimeters still regularly employ such assumptions in their heat-transfer models.…”