Hybrid fiber-to-the-x and free space optics for high bandwidth access networks

Abstract

The authors demonstrate an implementation of hybrid fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) and free space optical (FSO) technologies as another alternative solution to bring lightspeed performance to the residential users. A simulation experiment was performed with a 20 km single-mode fiber spanning from the Central Office to 1:32 splitter, before the signal propagated through the air to FSO receivers which were individually equipped with an Optical Network Unit (ONU). A downstream performance of the video signal transmitted at 1550 nm wavelength with a bit rate of 1 Gbps was studied under different weather conditions. The results show that for an acceptable bit error rate of 10 −9 , 32 ONUs are supportable at a combined FSO: FTTx distance ratio of 20:4.8, 20:2, and 20:1.4 km during clear weather, average and heavy rain, respectively.

Design and investigation of hybrid PON‐FSO system employing modified NZCC code under distinct weather conditions

“…Using equations (13,14,16) the SNR for designed system using modified NZCC code can be measured as 29 :…”

“…Further, they evaluated a hybrid on‐off keying (OOK) based WDM‐FSO system under clear air atmospheric condition over the 1000 m FSO range and 25 km fiber distance successfully 15 . To further enhance the FSO range, Ahmad Anas et al, 16 presents the significance of hybrid FTTx and FSO system over the 20 km fiber and 1.4 km FSO links at 1 Gbps data rate under attenuation path‐loss and different weather turbulence. Satea H. Alnajjar et al proposed and investigated a hybrid 10 Gbps FSO‐fiber link under distinct weather conditions and shows that at input power of 160 mW, the maximum transmission range of FSO and fiber link of 2000 m and 40 km is achieved, respectively 17 .…”

Introduction to free space optical (FSO) communications

“…With the increasing level of deployment of fibre optic technology such as the Ethernet passive optical networks (EPON), the bandwidth bottleneck is being shifted towards the last mile access network. EPONs are designed to carry Ethernet frames at gigabit Ethernet rates but are not cost effective [30,31]. However, wireless networks capable of offering gigabit per second data rates in the last mile access network still have bandwidth limitations, thus enabling the end users to have a full access to broadband internet [32].…”

Performance analysis of long‐reach 40/40 Gbps mode division multiplexing‐based hybrid time and wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network/free‐space optics using Gamma‐Gamma fading model with pointing error under different weather conditions

“…14 They also investigated a proposed hybrid on-off keying (OOK) WDM-FSO link under the clear atmospheric condition and results show that the good quality bidirectional transmission of 10 Gbps data rate up to 1000 m and 25 km of FSO and fiber link range, respectively. 24 Ahmad Anas et al, 25 describes the impact of hybrid FSO and fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) system to enhance the FSO transmission link range under different atmospheric turbulence and attenuation path-loss. The experimental results show a sustainable bidirectional transmission of 1 Gbps information up to 20 km fiber link and 1.4 km FSO link range.…”