This dissertation is dedicated to Cassandra Betro, my loving wife, who has seen me through the process of starting a family while getting my Doctoral Degree and loved me through all the difficulties life has presented. It is also dedicated to Savannah Betro-Gross, my step-daughter, who has taught me to love unconditionally through everything, because she is the kindest, best person I have ever met. I also dedicate this to my family and friends, who have given so much support through life changes, and to my colleagues, especially Dr. Steve Karman, who have helped me grow as an engineer, educator, and person. I thank God for giving me this opportunity and giving me the support I needed to make it through. Finally, I dedicate this dissertation to Vincent Moses Betro, who should be along shortly, for giving me a deadline...I cannot wait to meet you, my son! iii