Hybrid hydrogel sheets that undergo pre-programmed shape transformations

Wei, Zengjiang; Jia, Zheng; Athas, Jasmin; Wang, Chaoyang; Raghavan, Srinivasa R.; Li, Teng; Nie, Zhihong

doi:10.1039/c4sm01299b

Cited by 66 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Since Sharon and co‐workers first utilized lateral gradients of monomer concentrations to control differential gel shrinking and swelling, multiple techniques have been reported to introduce heterogeneous structures into gels. One common way of introducing structural heterogeneities in a gel is based on polymerizing specific regions of varying crosslinking density and chemical composition within the network . Examples of analogous self‐shaping materials are prevalent in plants where stiff fibrous regions provide rigidity and differential swelling response to control shape change .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One common way of introducing structural heterogeneities in a gel is based on polymerizing specifi c regions of varying crosslinking density and chemical composition within the network. [ 10,11 ] Examples of analogous self-shaping materials are prevalent in plants where stiff fi brous regions provide rigidity and differential swelling response to control shape change. [12][13][14] Another approach is to polymerize multilayers of materials with differential responses to external stimuli by patterning photo-crosslinkable polymer layers together, [ 15 ] or to induce gradients in charge distribution across the material.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Bending of Responsive Hydrogel Sheets Guided by Field‐Assembled Microparticle Endoskeleton Structures

Morales

Bharti

Dickey

et al. 2016

Small

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Bending of Responsive Hydrogel Sheets Guided by Field‐Assembled Microparticle Endoskeleton Structures

Morales

Bharti

Dickey

et al. 2016

Small

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“…hape-programmable matter refers to active materials that can be controlled by heat (1)(2)(3)(4)(5), light (6,7), chemicals (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13), pressure (14,15), electric fields (16,17), or magnetic fields (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33) to generate desired folding or bending. As these materials can reshape their geometries to achieve desired time-varying shapes, they have the potential to create mechanical functionalities beyond those of traditional machines (1,15).…”

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confidence: 99%

Shape-programmable magnetic soft matter

Lum

Zhou

Dong

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

518

475

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Shape-programmable matter is a class of active materials whose geometry can be controlled to potentially achieve mechanical functionalities beyond those of traditional machines. Among these materials, magnetically actuated matter is particularly promising for achieving complex time-varying shapes at small scale (overall dimensions smaller than 1 cm). However, previous work can only program these materials for limited applications, as they rely solely on human intuition to approximate the required magnetization profile and actuating magnetic fields for their materials. Here, we propose a universal programming methodology that can automatically generate the required magnetization profile and actuating fields for soft matter to achieve new time-varying shapes. The universality of the proposed method can therefore inspire a vast number of miniature soft devices that are critical in robotics, smart engineering surfaces and materials, and biomedical devices. Our proposed method includes theoretical formulations, computational strategies, and fabrication procedures for programming magnetic soft matter. The presented theory and computational method are universal for programming 2D or 3D time-varying shapes, whereas the fabrication technique is generic only for creating planar beams. Based on the proposed programming method, we created a jellyfish-like robot, a spermatozoid-like undulating swimmer, and an artificial cilium that could mimic the complex beating patterns of its biological counterpart.programmable matter | multifunctional materials | soft robots | magnetic actuation | miniature devices S hape-programmable matter refers to active materials that can be controlled by heat (1-5), light (6, 7), chemicals (8-13), pressure (14, 15), electric fields (16, 17), or magnetic fields (18-33) to generate desired folding or bending. As these materials can reshape their geometries to achieve desired time-varying shapes, they have the potential to create mechanical functionalities beyond those of traditional machines (1, 15). The functionalities of shape-programmable materials are especially appealing for miniature devices whose overall dimensions are smaller than 1 cm as these materials could significantly augment their locomotion and manipulation capabilities. The development of highly functional miniature devices is enticing because, despite having only simple rigid-body motions (34-36) and gripping capabilities (37), existing miniature devices have already been used across a wide range of applications pertaining to microfluidics (38, 39), microfactories (40, 41), bioengineering (42, 43), and health care (35, 44).Among shape-programmable matter, the magnetically actuated materials are particularly promising for creating complex timevarying shapes at small scales because their control inputs, in the form of magnetic fields, can be specified not only in magnitude but also in their direction and spatial gradients. Furthermore, as they can be fabricated with a continuum magnetization profile, m, along their bodies, these magne...

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“…Besides liquid crystallinee lastomers [17] and shape memory alloys/polymers, [18,19] polymerh ydrogels have received increasinga ttentions due to their versatile and large responses to small stimulus, along with their advantages in fabricating heterogeneouss tructures by diversea pproaches. [20][21][22] Hydrogels, ac lass of soft and wet materials, consist of ap hysically or chemically crosslinkedp olymericn etwork and al arge amount of water in the matrix.T he extraordinary compatibilityb etween different species makes it easy to fabricate composite materials with desired structures and properties. The intelligent responses to environmental changes,e specially the largev olume change, render polymer hydrogels an ideal candidate to construct soft actuators.…”

Section: Naturaland Bioinspiredsmart Deformationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photolithographically Patterned Hydrogels with Programmed Deformations

Hao

et al. 2018

Chemistry An Asian Journal

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Programmed deformations are widespread in nature, providinge legantp aradigms to design self-morphing materials with promising applications in biomedical devices, flexible electronics, soft robotics, etc. In this emerging field, hydrogels are an ideal materialt oi nvestigate the deformation principle and the structure-deformation relationship. One crucial step is to construct heterogeneouss tructures in af acile yet effective way.H erein, we provide af ocus review on different deformation modes and corresponding structural features of hydrogels. Photolithography is av ersatile approach to control the outer shape of the hydrogel and spatiald istribution of the component in the hydrogel, endowing the patterned hydrogels with programmed internal stress and thus controllable deformations. Specifically, cooperative deformations take place in periodically patterned hydrogelsw ith in-plane gradients, and multiple morphing structures are formed in one patternedh ydrogel using selective preswelling to directt he buckling of each unit. The structuralc ontrol strategy and deformation principles should be applicable to other materials with broad applications in diverseareas.

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Hybrid hydrogel sheets that undergo pre-programmed shape transformations

Cited by 66 publications

References 46 publications

Bending of Responsive Hydrogel Sheets Guided by Field‐Assembled Microparticle Endoskeleton Structures

Bending of Responsive Hydrogel Sheets Guided by Field‐Assembled Microparticle Endoskeleton Structures

Shape-programmable magnetic soft matter

Photolithographically Patterned Hydrogels with Programmed Deformations

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