Hybrid Magnetic Nanostructures For Cancer Diagnosis And Therapy

Abstract

Cancer is the second disease in the world from the point of view of mortality. The conventional routes of treatment were found to be not sufficient and thus alternative ways are imposed. The use of hybrid, magnetic nanostructures is a promising way for simultaneous targeted diagnosis and treatment of various types of cancer. For this reason, the development of core@shell structures was found to be an efficient way to develop stable, biocompatible, non-toxic carriers with shell-dependent internalization capacity in cancer cells. So, the multicomponent approach can be the most suitable way to assure the multifunctionality of these nanostructures to achieve the desired/necessary properties. The in vivo stability is mostly assured by the coating of the magnetic core with various polymers (including polyethylene glycol, silica etc.), while the targeting capacity is mostly assured by the decoration of these nanostructures with folic acid. Unfortunately, there are also some limitations related to the multilayered approach. For instance, the increasing of the thickness of layers leads to a decrease the magnetic properties, (hyperthermia and guiding ability in the magnetic field, for instance), the outer shell should contain the targeting molecules (as well as the agents helping the internalization into the cancer cells), etc.

Magnetite-Silica Core/Shell Nanostructures: From Surface Functionalization towards Biomedical Applications—A Review

“…To obtain core-shell magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical application, it is necessary to overcome some constraints on the Fe 3 O 4 effects on the blood as well as its limited stability in blood circulation. The above limitations can be resolved by functionalizing ionic oxides with stabilizers [117,118]. The Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 preparation starts from the microemulsion water-oil, where nanocomposites are formed due to silica's ability to coat hydrophobic nanoparticles [5].…”

“…As the term implies, hyperthermia means using heat in cancer therapy. Magnetic nanoparticle-based hyperthermia has proven to generate local heat that releases drugs at a specific site [5,32,62,68,117,[140][141][142]. In medical hyperthermia, magnetic nanoparticles are used as a generator to raise tissue temperatures to 41 (mild)-43 • C (curative hyperthermia) in tumour cells, tissues, or organs.…”

Efficacy of surface-functionalized Mg1−xCoxFe2O4(0 ≤x≤ 1; Δx= 0.1) for hyperthermia andin vivoMR imaging as a contrast agent

“…For the coated Mg 1− x Co x Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles, however, the ν 1 and ν 2 show a shift of the absorption band toward the higher wave number compared to the as-dried nanoparticles due to the bonding of ferrite with chitosan. 49 The force constant tells us the stiffness of the Fe 3+ ions to the vibrational displacement considering other nuclei at their equilibrium position. Force constants are inversely related to the bond length of Fe 3+ and the nearest neighbor ions.…”

Intranasal Administration of Catechol-Based Pt(IV) Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles for Glioblastoma Therapy

“…Unfortunately, some of these developments do not improve half-life and toxicity or require the use of therapeutic concentrations well over the tolerated dose-limiting toxicity. Interestingly, most of these restrictions may be overcome, at least partially, with the use of nanoparticles [ 19 , 20 ]. Additionally, the nose-to-brain or intranasal (IN) route has emerged as a non-invasive and easily accessible approach that has been explored in the clinical phase within the last decade (e.g., NCT04091503, NCT02704858) [ 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”