Hybrid Manufacturing of 3D Hierarchical Porous Carbons for Electrochemical Storage

Wang, Panfeng; Zhang, Hao; Wang, Huizhi; Li, Dawei; Xuan, Jin; Zhang, Li

doi:10.1002/admt.201901030

Cited by 23 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…In the case of 2D graphenic-based catalysts, the electron transfer can be diminished due to the susceptibility of these materials to stacking together that results in shielding of the active sites. Thus, 3D carbon materials, such as carbon hydrogels, foams, and hierarchical porous carbons are commonly used as electrode materials or supports for energy storage and conversion devices [ 165 , 166 , 167 ]. The porous structure allows for the increase in the utilization efficiency of the catalytically active centers, providing access to the sites to the electrolyte and reactants.…”

Section: Reactivity Of Carbon-based Composite Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon-Based Composites as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media

et al. 2021

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This review paper presents the most recent research progress on carbon-based composite electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which are of interest for application in low temperature water electrolyzers for hydrogen production. The reviewed materials are primarily investigated as active and stable replacements aimed at lowering the cost of the metal electrocatalysts in liquid alkaline electrolyzers as well as potential electrocatalysts for an emerging technology like alkaline exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers. Low temperature electrolyzer technologies are first briefly introduced and the challenges thereof are presented. The non-carbon electrocatalysts are briefly overviewed, with an emphasis on the modes of action of different active phases. The main part of the review focuses on the role of carbon–metal compound active phase interfaces with an emphasis on the synergistic and additive effects. The procedures of carbon oxidative pretreatment and an overview of metal-free carbon catalysts for OER are presented. Then, the successful synthesis protocols of composite materials are presented with a discussion on the specific catalytic activity of carbon composites with metal hydroxides/oxyhydroxides/oxides, chalcogenides, nitrides and phosphides. Finally, a summary and outlook on carbon-based composites for low temperature water electrolysis are presented.

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Section: Reactivity Of Carbon-based Composite Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon-Based Composites as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media

et al. 2021

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“…The approach to design and control pores in the matrix is closely related to the material preparation, such as the utilization of template, [61,150] gelation, [25,151] self-assemble, [30,38] pore-forming agent, [48,152,153] pyrolysis, [115] activation, [23,67] freezedrying, [154,155] etching, [27,81] etc., which have been extensively investigated. However, the methods to control size, amount, and distribution of pores in the 3D printed structures have not been reviewed, where the channels between the matrix should be maintained during the pore fabrication.…”

Section: Optimum Poresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[161][162][163] The pathways of the gaseous products can generate a level of pores that ranges from nearly holeless to hundreds of micrometers. [27,161] Figure 6h shows the 2-5 µm holes resulting from a heating rate of 0.4 °C min −1 . [161] Another approach to adjust the pore size is particle aggregating that is widely used in the preparation of metallic, [141,164,165] polymeric, [166] and ceramic structures.…”

Section: Macroporesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The micropores, including nanocrystallites and defects, provide plenty of active sites for chemical reactions. [23][24][25]27,169,170] To the best of our knowledge, there are three main approaches [155] Copyright 2019, Elsevier. b) Pores in the size of tens of micrometers in GO.…”

Section: Microporesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[23][24][25] After reaction at the active sites, the products are transferred by the mesopores and macropores to the outlet, successively. [26,27] Therefore, the Pursuing high energy efficiency and reaction rate is an effective direction in mitigating the energy and climate crisis. Mass transfer intensification is a powerful approach to enhance the energy efficiency and reaction rate in the energy conversion and storage processes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hierarchically Structured Components: Design, Additive Manufacture, and Their Energy Applications

Wang

Xuan

Zhang

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Technologies

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term solutions are urgently needed before adequate supply of the renewable energy. [1,2] Improvement of efficiency in the energy production and consumption processes is a key factor to address these problems. Meanwhile, the large reaction rate is a key factor to meet the industrial energy requirements. [1][2][3][4][5] Mass transport intensification is an effective method to improve the efficiency and reaction rate in the adsorptions, chemical reactions, and electrochemical reactions, which plays crucial roles in the gas (H 2 , CH 4 , CO 2 , etc.) storage, [6,7] energy conversion, [8] and energy storage. [3,9,10] Recently, novel batteries [2,3,[11][12][13] and microreactors [8,[14][15][16][17][18] for the gas (H 2 , CH 4 , CO 2 , etc.) storage [6,7] and energy conversion [8] have been developed to meet the requirements of high efficiency and rates. In these devices, the mass transport intensification is particularly important to acquire the high selectivity, large reaction rate, great conversion efficiency. [2,8,19,20] The mass transfer steps in the monolithic adsorbents, structured catalysts, and shaped electrodes are similar. Therefore, it is possible to use an identical term to describe the monolithic adsorbents, structured catalysts, and shaped electrodes for convenience to discuss the mass transfer processes. Herein, we use the hierarchically structured components (HSCs) to describe the structures which are comprised of designed channels and matrix between channels, where the matrix is made from functional materials (ceramics, carbon, metals, etc.) with pores in the size from nanometer to sub-millimeters, as illustrated in Figure 1a. In the flow batteries and fuel cells, the assembly of bipolar plate and electrode is regarded as HSC.Generally, the reactants undergo four steps (distribution, adsorption, acceleration, and reaction) in the HSC, as shown in Figure 1b-e. The distribution starts as soon as the reactant flows into the inlet. In this step, the reactant is distributed across the HSC through the designed channels, as shown in Figure 1b. [21,22] Subsequently the fluid is adsorbed by the macropores (>50 nm) which act as buffers for the reactants in the matrix, shown in Figure 1c. [23] As shown in Figure 1d,e, the reactants are accelerated by the mesopores (2-50 nm) and transferred to the micropores (<2 nm) which provide high surface area for the active sites. [23][24][25] After reaction at the active sites, the products are transferred by the mesopores and macropores to the outlet, successively. [26,27] Therefore, the Pursuing high energy efficiency and reaction rate is an effective direction in mitigating the energy and climate crisis. Mass transfer intensification is a powerful approach to enhance the energy efficiency and reaction rate in the energy conversion and storage processes. The nature-inspired channels are outstanding tools to uniformly distribute the reactants, fast remove products, and reduce the diffusion distance for mass transfer intensification in monolithic adsorbents, structured catal...

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3D Printed Supercapacitor: Techniques, Materials, Designs, and Applications

Zhou

Cheng

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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Supercapacitors (SCs) offer broad possibilities in the rising domain of military and civilian owing to their intrinsic properties of superior power density, long lifetime, and safety features. Despite of low-cost, facile manufacture, and time-saving, 3D printing technology unleashes the potential of SCs in terms of achieving desirable capacitance with high mass loading, fabrication of welldesigned complicated structures, and direct construction of on-chip integration systems. In this review, first, the representative printing technologies for SCs and advanced printable materials are scrutinized for SCs and advanced printable materials. Then the structure design principles of electrodes and devices are respectively highlighted and reported cases are systematically summarized. Next, configurations of the SCs and their applications in various areas are described in detail. Finally, the promising research directions for the future are discussed. The perspectives reviewed here are expected to provide a comprehensive understanding of 3D-printed SCs and guidance in realizing their promise in various applications.

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Hybrid Manufacturing of 3D Hierarchical Porous Carbons for Electrochemical Storage

Cited by 23 publications

References 63 publications

Carbon-Based Composites as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media

Carbon-Based Composites as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media

Hierarchically Structured Components: Design, Additive Manufacture, and Their Energy Applications

3D Printed Supercapacitor: Techniques, Materials, Designs, and Applications

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