Hybrid materials based on lichen–polysiloxane matrices: application as electrochemical sensors

An Introduction to Bio‐nanohybrid Materials

“…To overcome this drawback, lichen particles were embedded in a flexible network, derived from 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MAPTS) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), that offers improved mechanical features (Figure 1.4A). This lichen-modified material was used to develop electrochemical sensors for the determination of heavy metal ions by anodic stripping voltammetry [61]. Similarly, algal tissue can be immobilized in sol-gel derived matrices based on TMOS and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) (Figure 1.4B).…”

Structure and property studies of hybrid xerogels containing bridged positively charged 1,4-diazoniabicycle[2.2.2]octane dichloride

“…These positively charged organic groups make possible the use of the materials as anionic exchanger materials [14][15][16] and as a substrate base for immobilization of electroactive species and thus useful in preparing chemically modified elec- Scheme 1. trodes [17]. The important property of these electrodes has been that the devices produced presented improved sensitivity and selectivity, which are very important characteristics of electrochemical sensors [18][19][20].…”

Hybrid and biohybrid silicate based materials: molecular vs. block-assembling bottom–up processes

“…The biohybrids may be easily processed as thin coatings on electrode surfaces and applied in the electroanalytical determination of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution. 317,318 The algae could be also removed from the polysiloxane network leaving only a trace of the algal cells (Fig. 16C-E), resulting in imprinted materials prepared by a soft lithographic approach that could be potentially used as artificial receptors for electrochemical sensing of algae target species.…”

“…Non-living biomass associated to silica or silicates is employed as biosorbent for removal of pollutants 315,316 or for electroanalytical purposes. 317,318 However, many other applications require biohybrids with encapsulated living cells and microorganisms, for use as bioreactors profiting from their metabolic activity for production of beneficial compounds, [319][320][321] as well as in other interesting applications within the biomedical field. [322][323][324] Selected examples of the possible applications of these materials are summarized in Table 7.…”