Hybrid Materials Formed with Green Metal-Organic Frameworks and Polystyrene as Sorbents in Dispersive Micro-Solid-Phase Extraction for Determining Personal Care Products in Micellar Cosmetics

Abstract

Hybrid materials based on polystyrene (PS) and green metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as potential sorbents in dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction (µ-dSPE). Among the resulting materials, the hybrid PS/DUT-67(Zr) was selected as the adequate extraction material for the monitoring of six personal care products in micellar cosmetic samples, combining the µ-dSPE method with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to ultraviolet/visible detection (UV/Vis). Univariate studies and a factorial design were performed in the optimization of the microextraction procedure. The compromise optimum extraction conditions included 20 mg of PS/DUT-67(Zr) for 10 mL of sample, 2 min of extraction time, and two desorption steps using 100 µL of acetonitrile and 5 min assisted by vortex in each one. The validated μ-dSPE-UHPLC-UV/Vis method presented limits of detection and quantification down to 3.00 and 10.0 μg·L−1, respectively. The inter-day precision values were lower than 23.5 and 21.2% for concentration levels of 75 μg·L−1 and 650 μg·L−1, respectively. The hydrophobicity of the resulting PS/DUT-67(Zr) material was crucial for the improvement of its extraction capacity in comparison with its unitary components, showing the advantages of combining MOFs with other materials, getting new sorbents with interesting properties.

MIL-101 (Fe) @Ag Rapid Synergistic Antimicrobial and Biosafety Evaluation of Nanomaterials

“…Yi et al discovered that MIL-53(Fe) MOFs can significantly enhance the chemiluminescence of luminol in the presence of H 2 O 2 in alkaline media. This finding led to a new chemiluminescence method for the biosensing of glucose when combined with glucose oxidase, confirming the existing application of MOF materials [ 21 ].…”

“…To investigate how MIL-101(Fe)@Ag (Ag 0.0127 wt%) inhibits bacterial growth, the mechanism of inhibition was investigated. It is generally believed that bacterial growth is inhibited and bacteria are killed due to rupture of the bacterial cell membranes, thus leading to endoleaks, which results in the production of ROS and various free radicals [ 21 , 46 ]. ROS production has been found for various metal compounds, and these nanoparticles can lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, and consequent damage to proteins, cell membranes, and DNA, which is one of the main mechanisms of nanotoxicity [ 47 ].…”

“…MOFs have high porosity and large specific surface area, and the open metal sites have certain antibacterial capabilities [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. In addition, due to their good biocompatibility, MOFs are candidates for loading drugs and metal particles [ 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Insight into the Structure of MOF‐Containing Hybrid Polymeric Microspheres

“…Basic and higher-order structures of polymers have been reasonably well regulated through transferring the spatial information of the host MOFs to the monomer units. [34] Napolitano-Tabares et al [35] synthesized and characterized hybrid materials based on polystyrene and green MOFs and applied them as potential sorbents in dispersive micro-solidphase extraction highlighting the advantages of combining MOFs with other materials. Wang et al [36] fabricated a MIL-101(Fe)/polysulfone composite hollow microsphere showing excellent methylene blue removal performance.…”

“…Napolitano‐Tabares et al [35] . synthesized and characterized hybrid materials based on polystyrene and green MOFs and applied them as potential sorbents in dispersive micro‐solid‐phase extraction highlighting the advantages of combining MOFs with other materials.…”