Hybrid Molecules Development: A Versatile Landscape for the Control of Antifungal Drug Resistance: A Review

Abstract

Hybrid molecule approach of drug design has become popular due to advantages such as delayed resistance, reduced toxicity, ease of treatment of co-infection and lower cost of preclinical evaluation. Antifungal drugs currently available for the treatment of fungal diseases suffer a major side effect of drug resistance. Hybrid drugs development is one of the approaches that has been employed to control microbial resistance. Their antifungal activity is influenced by their design. This review is focused on hybrid molecules exhibiting antifungal properties to guide scientists in search of more efficient drugs for the treatment of fungal diseases.

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Structure–Activity Relationships of 4-Aminopiperidines as Novel Antifungal Agents Targeting Ergosterol Biosynthesis

“…1 ), 0.81 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3 H, CH 3 ). MS (EI) m/z = 302 (M + , 3), 211 (20), 173 (100), 146 (16), 91 (88). 13 (13), 173 (100), 158 (26), 146 (14), 91 (72), 82 (20).…”

“…One promising strategy in the development of new antifungal compounds with advantages such as higher potency, a broader spectrum, fewer side effects, and a better ecological balance sheet and to break resistance is to start from well-established antifungals as lead structures by means of design and further optimization of hybrids of different active chemotypes [ 16 ].…”

Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonic Acid Derivatives Through the Addition of O- and S-Nucleophiles to 2H-Azirines and Their Antiproliferative Effect on A549 Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells

“…To overcome the drastic side effects related to a single drug, hybrid molecules modulate several targets of multifactorial diseases, and have been established as a popular approach for multidrug therapy [ 28 , 29 ]. Within this class of drugs, hybrids molecules introducing two potentially pharmacophores, including allylic amine moieties and α-aminophosphonic acid functional groups, such as allylic α-aminophosphonic acid derivatives ( IV and V ), have attracted scarce attention since only a few examples have been reported in the literature.…”

Novel Small-molecule Antibacterials against Gram-positive Pathogens of Staphylococcus and Enterococcus Species

“…Therefore, various composed hybrid molecules were yielded from those indoles and benzothiophene. Hybrid molecules of antimicrobial active antibiotics, or antifungal drugs have recently been reviewed [16,17]. They mostly consist either of two different antibiotics or antifungals that are connected by a linker like a simple carbon chain.…”

“…They mostly consist either of two different antibiotics or antifungals that are connected by a linker like a simple carbon chain. So fluoroquinolone-oxazolidinone hybrids reached clinical trials and novel 1, 2, 3-triazole antifungal hybrids with 8-aminoquinoline or dioxolane have recently been reported [16][17][18][19].…”