Hybrid Nanofluids—Next-Generation Fluids for Spray-Cooling-Based Thermal Management of High-Heat-Flux Devices

Abstract

In recent years, technical advancements in high-heat-flux devices (such as high power density and increased output performance) have led to immense heat dissipation levels that may not be addressed by traditional thermal fluids. High-heat-flux devices generally dissipate heat in a range of 100–1000 W/cm2 and are used in various applications, such as data centers, electric vehicles, microelectronics, X-ray machines, super-computers, avionics, rocket nozzles and laser diodes. Despite several benefits offered by efficient spray-cooling systems, such as uniform cooling, no hotspot formation, low thermal contact resistance and high heat transfer rates, they may not fully address heat dissipation challenges in modern high-heat-flux devices due to the limited cooling capacity of existing thermal fluids (such as water and dielectric fluids). Therefore, in this review, a detailed perspective is presented on fundamental hydrothermal properties, along with the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the next-generation thermal fluid, that is, the hybrid nanofluid. At the end of this review, the spray-cooling potential of the hybrid nanofluid for thermal management of high-heat-flux devices is presented.

A Review of Parameters and Mechanisms in Spray Cooling

“…Heat transfer is a significant unit operation essential for achieving desired products and maintaining device functionality [1]. The heat dissipation studies of high heat flux find interest due to rapid changes in electronic systems, satellite electronics, radars, air conditioners and refrigeration, avionics, microelectronics, rocket nozzles, high Mach aircraft engines and medical imaging systems [2][3][4]. Few industrial food applications, such as solid lipid particles, can be encapsulated by spray chilling to enhance the bioavailability of bioactive compounds [5].…”

Synthesis and Empirical Analysis of the Thermophysical Characteristics of GO-Ag Aqueous Hybrid Nanofluid Using Environmentally Friendly Reducing and Stabilizing Agents

“…Te use of graphene-based nanoparticles in both solid metal structures and liquids has created opportunities for various applications such as thermal power generation, clean and renewable energy, heat transfer, electronic cooling, and bioenergy. Tis is because graphene nanoparticles have better chemical, mechanical, electrical, and thermophysical properties [1][2][3][4][5]. However, there are some challenges associated with graphene nanoparticles, such as difculties in bulk production and their hydrophobic nature, which leads to low stability with water.…”

“…Tese issues led to the development of graphene oxide (GO) as one of the alternatives to graphene. Tese GO nanoparticles are simple to prepare on a large scale, are cost-efective, have high thermal conductivity, and are hydrophilic towards water molecules, making them an ideal candidate for thermal investigations [1,6]. To this end, Hajjar et al [7] studied the thermal conductivity of fve diferent concentrated GO nanofuids (0.05 wt.%-0.25 wt.%) at operating temperatures ranging from 10 °C to 40 °C.…”

Quasi-Linearization Analysis for Entropy Generation in MHD Mixed-Convection Flow of Casson Nanofluid over Nonlinear Stretching Sheet with Arrhenius Activation Energy

“…Some pure metals, such as Copper, Iron, Platinum, Zinc and their oxides can act as nanomaterials and can be used in the preparation of nanofluids. The proficiency of conventional fluids can be boosted up using nanofluids that may effectively improve the thermal conductivity of common fluids [4][5][6][7][8]. The physical and thermal aspects of nanofluids have been much studied.…”