Hybrid Online Model-Based Testing for Communication-Based Train Control Systems

Wang, Yuemiao; Chen, Lei; Kirkwood, David; Fu, Peng; Lv, Jidong; Roberts, Clive

doi:10.1109/mits.2018.2842230

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Formal modeling is applied in 95% of the studies and formal veriication in 67%. Model checking is the most commonly adopted technique (47%) [9,15,20,35,37,38,41,47,64,82,87,91,96,116,117,128], followed by simulation (27%) [9,15,20,36,41,57,64,82,96,116,117,124], theorem proving (19.5%) [14,41,68,72,84] and reinement (18%) [7,37,68,81,82,84,91,96,116]. Less commonly used techniques are those strictly related to code, like test generation (6%) [31,64,124], code generation (6%) [7,14,62,...…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large variety of modeling language families and tools is used. The dominant languages are UML (18%) [21,35,37,38,81,116,128] and B (15%) [1,7,14,41,68,82,91,96,116], while frequently used tools are ProB (9%) [1,41,82,91,96,116], NuSMV (8%) [35,37,38] and UPPAAL (7%) [9,124].…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…70% of the studies do not refer to any product standard, thus being either proprietary products or examples inspired by real cases. Product standards are considered in some cases, with ERTMS-ETCS (19%) [15, 31, 35ś38, 81, 82, 87, 116] and CBTC (8%) [41,96,124] products. Most frequently considered systems are interlocking ones [20,21,87,91], and models of the high-level control logic describing the interaction of multiple subsystems [14,15,35,37,38,68,82,116,117].…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phases. The studies cover most of the railway development phases, with dominance of Architecture (66%) [1,7,9,14,15,21,31,36,37,47,57,62,64,68,81,82,84,116,117,124,128] and Detailed Design (45%) [7,14,41,62,64,82,87,91,116,117], followed by Requirements (13%) [14,35,38,64,72], Testing (13%) [20,31,62,64,124] and Validation (9%) [14,20,41,62,64,96,117]. Most of the studies focus on only one phase (61%), followed by two (30%) and three (6%) phases.…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The success of testing moreover depends on the quality of test generation, which generates appropriate sequences of input values that guarantee the models to satisfy speciic testing criteria (e.g., model coverage). Model-based testing has been applied successfully in the railway domain (e.g., using RT-Tester) [20,31,108,124].…”

Section: Background and Motivation 21 Formal Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formal Methods in Railways: A Systematic Mapping Study

Ferrari¹,

Beek

2022

ACM Comput. Surv.

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Formal methods are mathematically based techniques for the rigorous development of software-intensive systems. The railway signaling domain is a field in which formal methods have traditionally been applied, with several success stories. This article reports on a mapping study that surveys the landscape of research on applications of formal methods to the development of railway systems. Following the guidelines of systematic reviews, we identify 328 relevant primary studies, and extract information about their demographics, the characteristics of formal methods used and railway-specific aspects. Our main results are as follows: (i) we identify a total of 328 primary studies relevant to our scope published between 1989 and 2020, of which 44% published during the last 5 years and 24% involving industry; (ii) the majority of studies are evaluated through Examples (41%) and Experience Reports (38%), while full-fledged Case Studies are limited (1.5%); (iii) Model checking is the most commonly adopted technique (47%), followed by simulation (27%) and theorem proving (19.5%); (iv) the dominant languages are UML (18%) and B (15%), while frequently used tools are ProB (9%), NuSMV (8%) and UPPAAL (7%); however, a diverse landscape of languages and tools is employed; (v) the majority of systems are interlocking products (40%), followed by models of high-level control logic (27%); (vi) most of the studies focus on the Architecture (66%) and Detailed Design (45%) development phases. Based on these findings, we highlight current research gaps and expected actions. In particular, the need to focus on more empirically sound research methods, such as Case Studies and Controlled Experiments, and to lower the degree of abstraction, by applying formal methods and tools to development phases that are closer to software development. Our study contributes with an empirically based perspective on the future of research and practice in formal methods applications for railways. It can be used by formal methods researchers to better focus their scientific inquiries, and by railway practitioners for an improved understanding of the interplay between formal methods and their specific application domain.

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Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Background and Motivation 21 Formal Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formal Methods in Railways: A Systematic Mapping Study

Ferrari¹,

Beek

2022

ACM Comput. Surv.

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Conformance in the Railway Industry: Single-Input-Change Testing a EULYNX Controller

van der Wal,

Gerhold,

Stoelinga

2023

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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We propose a novel framework for model-based testing against specifications from EULYNX, a SysML-based standard from the railway industry for the controllers of systems such as points, signals, sensors, and crossings. The main challenge here is the sheer complexity: with state spaces exceeding 10 10 states, it is hard to derive test suites that achieve a meaningful type of coverage.We tackle this problem by moving away from the traditional interleaving semantics for SysML. Instead, we propose a synchronous semantics in terms of Finite State Machines (FSMs), leveraging the fact that EULYNX is implemented on Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). Then, we deploy Single-Input-Change Deterministic Finite State Machines (SIC-DFSMs), which ensures fully deterministic tests thus minimizing scalability issues.Our focus lies on the EULYNX specification for point controllers. The generated test suite achieves maximal transition coverage, but test execution time remains substantial. We introduce an additional test suite that achieves maximal transition label coverage. Remarkably, this smaller suite successfully identifies the same four faults as the larger suite.

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Formal Methods and Tools Applied in the Railway Domain

ter Beek

2024

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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Hybrid Online Model-Based Testing for Communication-Based Train Control Systems

Cited by 7 publications

References 29 publications

Formal Methods in Railways: A Systematic Mapping Study

Formal Methods in Railways: A Systematic Mapping Study

Conformance in the Railway Industry: Single-Input-Change Testing a EULYNX Controller

Formal Methods and Tools Applied in the Railway Domain

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