Hybrid palm-oil/styrene-maleimide nanoparticles synthesized in aqueous dispersion under different conditions

Abstract

Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) was imidized with ammonium hydroxide and palm oil, resulting in an aqueous dispersion of hybrid nanoparticles with diameters 85-180 nm (dispersed) or 20-50 nm (dried). The reaction conditions were optimized for different precursors by evaluating the relative amount ammonium hydroxide and maximizing the incorporated palm oil up to 70 wt.%. The interactions between palm oil and polymer phase have been studied by TEM, IR, Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis (TGA, [TM] DSC). From Raman spectra, the amount of imide and reacted oil were quantified. Through concurring effects of imidization and coupling of fatty acids, the imidization needs a slight excess of NH3 relatively to maleic anhydride. The oxidative stability highly depends on oxidative crosslinking of free or non-reacted oil. Comparing the imide content from spectroscopic and thermal analysis suggests that a complex rigid imide phase without strong relaxation behavior has formed in combination with oil.

Optimization and Characterization of Interspecific Hybrid Crude Palm Oil Unaué HIE OxG Nanoparticles with Vegetable By-Products as Encapsulants

“…Regardless of the wall material used, the morphologies of N-JSF and N-JAF determined via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were similar, exhibiting a spherical, regular shape without cracks or aggregates (Figure 4). Similar results were observed for nanoparticles of chia seed oil [26], crude palm oil and its fractions [14], hybrid palm oil [54], and shrimp oil [55].…”

“…The apparent viscosity, pH, color parameters, and total carotenoids (TC) of the nanoparticles are listed in Table 2. Similar results were observed for nanoparticles of chia seed oil [26], crude palm oil and its fractions [14], hybrid palm oil [54], and shrimp oil [55].…”

Bio-Based Coatings for Paper Applications

“…More interestingly, these nanoparticle coatings can be used as a model-system where the bio-renewable content of the nanoparticle structures and coatings could be improved by substituting towards a maximum of 70 wt % of the polymer coating with various vegetable oils, i.e., SMI/oil, including palm-, soy-, sunflower-, rapeseed, caster or cornoil [153]. The synthesis of such nanoparticles with diameters of 20 to 50 nm has been well-documented for different concentrations of soy-oil [154], and palm-oil [155]. The presence of vegetable oil in the coating enhances the hydrophobicity and more importantly, it serves as a natural binder in between the nanoparticles resulting in continuous and homogeneous coatings with reduced brittleness and high thermal stability.…”

An acid-compatible co-polymer for the solubilization of membranes and proteins into lipid bilayer-containing nanoparticles

“…SMI is a commercially available amphipathic copolymer of styrene and dimethylaminopropylamine maleimide in a 2 : 1 ratio. SMI has been used to create nanoparticles 52 capable of oil microencapsulation 53 and as a surface coating with application to printing. 54 Despite exploitation of the amphipathic properties of SMI, there have been no reports on SMI-mediated phospholipid solubilization.…”