Hybridations salariat-entrepreneuriat et nouvelles pratiques de travail : des slashers à l’entrepreneuriat-alterné

Abstract

ABSTRACT. This article is interested in the evolution of forms of employment and organizations as hybridization employment and entrepreneurship (or employment and freelancing). Through this exploratory research, we wish to share our first grounded reports on this reflection. Our preliminary results are based on fieldwork carried out between November 2014 and November 2016 by the network RGCS (Research Group on Collaborative Spaces) and in particular on: (1) some descriptive statistics stemming from the online investigation led in 2016 on the transformations of work and its spaces; (2) empirical observations based on data collected during the organization of 52 events (workshops, seminars, etc.) in 7 countries and 82 visits of third-places and other collaborative spaces realized in about ten countries. Having replaced in a historical perspective the evolution of work and the forms of employment and having clarified the adopted methodology, we present our reports by distinguishing the individual level of the new working practices of the organizational level. In regards to the individual dimension, we are interested in the forms of employmententrepreneurship hybridization that represent the case of slashers and alternated entrepreneurship. In regards to the organizational dimension, we underline the increasing hybridization between employees and entrepreneurs (or freelancers) within certain types of communities and modes of governance mixing employees, freelancers, and entrepreneurs (excubation, transition, open innovation, new forms of community management) or still in relation with collaborative social movements (more and more imported in an organizational frame).

Les stratégies de l’innovation collective

“…Il faut l'entendre ici comme des pratiques visant à créer des liens et renforcer les proximités sociales et cognitives entre des acteurs souvent hétérogènes au travers d'évènements (conférences, apéros, présentations), des apprentissages, des co-apprentissages, des co-expérimentations, etc. En faisant cela, ce sont les réseaux des membres de la communauté de l'espace qui se structurent et aussi de nouvelles pratiques de travail qui émergent (Bohas et al, 2018).…”

Experiencing a New Place as an Atmosphere: A Focus on Tours of Collaborative Spaces

“…Otherwise put, work in these contexts can be completed anywhere and at any time, be that at home, in spaces other than work or home ("thirdplaces"), or on the go (Costas, 2013 ;Kingma, 2016). It follows that the space and materiality of work and organizations need more than ever to be understood as experiences that constitute and re-constitute collective spaces, and which might not be obvious for those involved in or for those managing them (Halford, 2005;Bohas et al, 2018).…”

“…Those collaborative spaces welcome different types of customers or members such as entrepreneurs, employees, students, teleworkers, slashers, and even researchers. While coworking spaces seem to be more business-oriented and entrepreneurial (Gandini, 2015;Spinuzzi, 2012), makerspaces and fablabs tend more to be the 'place-to-innovate' and to 'do-it-yourself' (Bohas et al, 2018). We have purposefully not included "workplace" in this definition (i.e.…”

“…We have purposefully not included "workplace" in this definition (i.e. "collaborative workplace") because of the increasing integration of both work/home practices and emotions (Bauman, 2013;Bohas et al, 2018). Collaborative spaces, therefore, can be said to emphasize 1 In his book Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty (1945: part I, chapter 5) draws on the notion of atmosphere in order to analyze sexuality, stating that "sexuality is neither transcended in human life, nor featured in its center by unconscious representations.…”

Espaces de coworking et fablabs des villes petites et moyennes : un rôle de middleground ?

“…Selon la fondatrice, la plupart ont occupé une activité professionnelle antérieurement à leur installation à la Colloc et cela les conduit à mobiliser fréquemment leur réseau de contacts. « J'ai travaillé pour de (Bohas et al, 2018). Deuxièmement, la forte proximité géographique entre les collectifs des différentes strates et leur co-localisation à une échelle micro-locale expliquent une partie des échanges.…”