Hydrated conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae release a family of metalloproteases

Qazi, Sohail S.; Khachatourians, George G.

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2006.12.002

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Leger et al (1986b) who also observed these enzymes in the fungal culture filtrates having insect cuticle or chitin as sole carbon source. Qazi and Khachatourians (2007) showed that B. bassiana can produce higher amount of proteases and other cuticle degrading enzymes when aphid exuviae were added to the basal medium. Similarly, St.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of cuticle degrading enzymes by Isaria fumosorosea and their evaluation as a biocontrol agent against diamondback moth

2010

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Production and biocontrol efficacy of culture filtrates containing cuticle degrading enzymes from three isolates of Isaria fumosorosea against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) was observed during this study. This fungus when cultured in liquid medium having different carbon sources showed maximum biomass production when 1% chitin was added as carbon source. These isolates when grown in liquid culture conditions having 1% chitin as source produced cuticular degrading enzymes (proteases (Pr1 and Pr2), chitinases, chitosanase, and lipase) in a sequential manner and the production of these enzymes differed from control. Biocontrol assays with P. xylostella showed that the culture filtrates of I. fumosorosea were potent antifeedants because reduction in the feeding rate and body weight of the larvae was observed. Similarly, reduction in rates of successful pupation, adult emergence was observed when the culture filtrates were applied topically. At the end of the test period, the lowest ST 50 value (1.57 ± 0.20 days) was recorded for insect groups treated with culture filtrates from isolate IF28.2 when compared to the control. In view of the need for safer and environmentally friendly pest management tools, the present study can help in the development of enzyme-based biopesticides against P. xylostella.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of cuticle degrading enzymes by Isaria fumosorosea and their evaluation as a biocontrol agent against diamondback moth

2010

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“…Indeed, all three proteinase types produced by M. anisopliae, the subtilisin-like serine proteinase Pr1, the trypsin-like serine proteinase Pr2, and the thermolysin-like metalloproteinase, occur in a variable number of isoforms which determine host range of different strains. 73,75,76 On the other hand we can predict loss or at least controlled expression of genes encoding secreted proteinases that are mostly inhibited by host molecules because the resources of bacterial or fungal pathogens are smaller than those of the infected host which has usually a remarkably higher biomass. Secretion of proteinases whose activities match that of host proteinase inhibitors would waste resources.…”

Section: Coevolution Between Fungal Proteinases and Host Proteinase Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The isoforms found in hydrated conidia differed in their ability to digest gelatin which can be interpreted as adaptation to target proteins of the host. 76 In turn, diversifying pathogen-associated proteinases can be expected to cause selection for mechanisms allowing reciprocal Figure 3. interdependencies between fungal proteinases and insect host proteinase inhibitors.…”

Section: Coevolution Between Fungal Proteinases and Host Proteinase Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Coevolution between pathogen-derived proteinases and proteinase inhibitors of host insects

Vilcinskas¹

2010

Virulence

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Virulence is thought to coevolve as a result of reciprocal selection between pathogens and their hosts. This paper focuses on coevolution between microbial proteinases operating as virulence factors and host defense molecules of insects. Owing to shorter generation times and smaller genomes, microbes exhibit a high evolutionary adaptability in comparison with their hosts. Indeed, the latter can only compete with pathogens if they evolve mechanisms providing a comparable genetic plasticity. Gene or domain duplication and shuffling by recombination is the driving force behind the countermeasures in host defense effectors. Recent literature provides evidence for both diversifications of fungal proteinases involved in pathogenesis and expansion host proteinase inhibitors subsets contributing to insect innate immunity. For example, the pathogen-associated spectrum of proteolytic enzymes encompasses thermolysin-like metalloproteinases that putatively promoted the evolution of corresponding host inhibitors of these virulence factors which complement the insect repertoire of antimicrobial defense molecules. Beyond mutual diversification of effector molecules coevolution resulted also in sophisticated molecular adaptations of host insects such as sensing and feedback-loop regulation of microbial metalloproteinases and corresponding countermeasures of pathogens providing evasion of host immunity induced by these virulence factors

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“…Also, M. anisopliae produces a number of metalloproteinase isoforms that differ in their capacity to degrade denaturated collagen (Qazi and Khachatourians, 2007). We screened the recently published M.…”

Section: The Insect Metalloproteinase Inhibitormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3). The diversification of both the thermolysin-like metalloproteinases in M. anisopliae (Qazi and Khachatourians, 2007) and IMPI genes in G. mellonella (Fig. 3) may therefore represent an intriguing example of reciprocal adaptations and counteradaptations between parasites and their hosts.…”

Section: The Insect Metalloproteinase Inhibitormentioning

confidence: 99%

Coevolution of parasitic fungi and insect hosts

Joop

Vilcinskas

2016

Zoology

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Parasitic fungi and their insect hosts provide an intriguing model system for dissecting the complex co-evolutionary processes, which result in Red Queen dynamics. To explore the genetic basis behind host-parasite coevolution we chose two parasitic fungi (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, representing the most important entomopathogenic fungi used in the biological control of pest or vector insects) and two established insect model hosts (the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella and the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum) for which sequenced genomes or comprehensive transcriptomes are available. Focusing on these model organisms, we review the knowledge about the interactions between fungal molecules operating as virulence factors and insect host-derived defense molecules mediating antifungal immunity. Particularly the study of the intimate interactions between fungal proteinases and corresponding host-derived proteinase inhibitors elucidated novel coevolutionary mechanisms such as functional shifts or diversification of involved effector molecules. Complementarily, we compared the outcome of coevolution experiments using the parasitic fungus B. bassiana and two different insect hosts which were initially either susceptible (Galleria mellonella) or resistant (Tribolium castaneum). Taking a snapshot of host-parasite coevolution, we show that parasitic fungi can overcome host barriers such as external antimicrobial secretions just as hosts can build new barriers, both within a relatively short time of coevolution.

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Hydrated conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae release a family of metalloproteases

Cited by 24 publications

References 26 publications

Production of cuticle degrading enzymes by Isaria fumosorosea and their evaluation as a biocontrol agent against diamondback moth

Production of cuticle degrading enzymes by Isaria fumosorosea and their evaluation as a biocontrol agent against diamondback moth

Coevolution between pathogen-derived proteinases and proteinase inhibitors of host insects

Coevolution of parasitic fungi and insect hosts

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