Organosulfates (OSs) are well-known and ubiquitous constituents
of atmospheric aerosol particles and have been used as secondary organic
aerosol markers in many field studies. Hence, it is imperative to
understand the formation of OS species in the atmosphere. Recently,
hydroxy acids (HAs) and hydroxy acid sulfates have been extensively
detected in the atmospheric environment. However, the reaction mechanism
of HAs to form OSs is much less understood. In this work, we have
mainly investigated the reaction of typical α-HAs, including
glycolic acid (GA) and lactic acid (LA), and SO3 at the
liquid aerosol surface using quantum chemistry calculations and Born–Oppenheimer
molecular dynamics simulations. The OH group orientation of α-HAs
at the air–water interface is found to exert a significant
impact on the formation of OSs. The OH group pointing to the gas phase
is obviously beneficial to the formation of OSs. Two key factors are
discovered important to the reaction of α-HAs adsorbed on the
liquid surface with SO3: (a) the exposure position of the
active site to the gas phase and (b) the reactivity of the exposed
site to the attracted SO3 molecule. Moreover, we found
that the air–water interface exerts a significant influence
on the physicochemical behaviors of GA and LA, especially on their
OH group orientation, and thus leads to their different properties
for the SO3 colliding reaction. The presented reaction
mechanism provides a new feasible pathway for the production of OSs
at the liquid aerosol surface, which may have important impacts on
the formation of organic aerosols.