Hydration of nitriles to amides in water by SiO2-supported Ag catalysts promoted by adsorbed oxygen atoms

Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Amide by Metal-catalyzed Nitrile Hydration in Aqueous Medium

“…Silver supported hydroxyapatite catalyst showed the turnover number (TON) over 10,000, which considered to be the highest value ever reported for the hydration of cyanopyrazine [13]. Moreover, the kinetic studies of the silver supported silica catalyst revealed that surface adsorbed oxygen is indispensable for the hydration of the nitriles to amides as shown in the reaction mechanism (Figure 4(a)) [26]. In the similar way, K.…”

“…The Fe3O4-supported silver catalyst was also investigated for the amide production in environmental benign reaction conditions [25]. In two different studies, the activity of silver supported on hydroxyapatite, and silica was estimated for the hydration of the various nitrile substrates [14,26]. These silver supported catalysts showed better catalytic activity for nitriles containing hetero-atoms as compared to benzylic and aliphatic ones contrary to usual behavior of these substrates, where the heteroatoms coordinate with the catalysts or some carboxylic acid is created due to further hydrolysis.…”

Ru(Cl)‐Salen Complex: Solvent Selective Homogeneous Catalyst for One‐Pot Synthesis of Nitriles and Amides

“…Whereas, amides are usually synthesized by condensation of carboxylic acids and their derivatives such as acyl chloride, anhydride or ester with various amines ,. There are other alternative routes available for the synthesis of amides such as aminocarbonylation of olefins, hydroamination of alkynes, and hydration of nitriles, Schmidt reaction,, Beckmann rearrangement and amidation of thioacids with azides . It must be noted that most of these synthetic methods suffer limitations such as high temperature, need of stronger Bronsted or Lewis acids, use of toxic and corrosive reagents, lower atom economy and harsh reaction conditions.…”

“…It must be noted that most of these synthetic methods suffer limitations such as high temperature, need of stronger Bronsted or Lewis acids, use of toxic and corrosive reagents, lower atom economy and harsh reaction conditions. To date, very few reports are available for direct transformations of aldehydes to primary amides ,,. The first report on the catalytic conversion of aldoxime into primary amide by using Wilkinson's complex is reported by Chang and co‐workers .…”

Magnetically Separable and Recyclable Fe3O4-Supported Ag Nanocatalysts for Reduction of Nitro Compounds and Selective Hydration of Nitriles to Amides in Water

“…Also, the hydration of nitriles to yield the corresponding amides is of tremendous significance to researchers in academia and industry alike because the resulting amides have numerous applications in synthetic organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. Among various heterogeneous nanocatalysts, supported Ag NPs have been used for this reaction as catalyst [28,29]. In our earlier work, Ag NPs were also used as catalysts for the hydration of nitriles to amides [30].…”