Protein interactions with the collagen triple helix play a critical role in collagen fibril formation, cell adhesion, and signaling. However, structural insight into sequence-specific collagen recognition is limited to an integrin-peptide complex. A GVMGFO motif in fibrillar collagens (O denotes 4-hydroxyproline) binds 3 unrelated proteins: von Willebrand factor (VWF), discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), and the extracellular matrix protein SPARC/osteonectin/BM-40. We report the crystal structure at 3.2 Å resolution of human SPARC bound to a triple-helical 33-residue peptide harboring the promiscuous GVMGFO motif. SPARC recognizes the GVMGFO motifs of the middle and trailing collagen chains, burying a total of 720 Å 2 of solvent-accessible collagen surface. SPARC binding does not distort the canonical triple helix of the collagen peptide. In contrast, a critical loop in SPARC is substantially remodelled upon collagen binding, creating a deep pocket that accommodates the phenylalanine residue of the trailing collagen chain (''Phe pocket''). This highly restrictive specificity pocket is shared with the collagenbinding integrin I-domains but differs strikingly from the shallow collagen-binding grooves of the platelet receptor glycoprotein VI and microbial adhesins. We speculate that binding of the GVMGFO motif to VWF and DDR2 also results in structural changes and the formation of a Phe pocket. extracellular matrix ͉ X-ray crystallography C ollagen, the most abundant protein in vertebrates, is characterized by a triple-helical structure of 3 polypeptide chains containing repetitive glycine-X-XЈ triplets; the X and XЈ positions, respectively, are often occupied by the imino acids proline and 4-hydroxyproline (O). The 28 human collagens have numerous essential functions in tissue formation, stability and homeostasis, and mutations in collagen genes cause many human diseases (1). Collagens I-III, V and XI form supramolecular fibrils that lend mechanical stability to the vertebrate body. Normal collagen fibrillogenesis in vivo requires a number of globular proteins interacting with the triple helix, such as small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans (2). Cellular interactions with collagen are mediated by a diverse group of transmembrane collagen receptors, including integrins, discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) and members of the Ig superfamily (3-5). Although the structure of the collagen triple helix has been known for Ͼ50 years (6), protein-collagen interactions remain poorly understood at the atomic level.Synthetic triple-helical peptides have been invaluable in mapping specific binding sites within collagen (7). The major integrin-binding site in fibrillar collagens I and II is a GFOGER motif (8, 9). The atomic details of this important interaction were revealed by a crystal structure of the integrin ␣2 I-domain bound to a 21-residue triple helical peptide, providing the only example to date of a vertebrate protein-collagen complex (10). More recent studies have identified a GVMGFO motif, conserved in collagens I-III...