It is important to understand the
properties of interfacial water
at mineral surfaces. Since calcite is one of the most common minerals
found in rocks and sedimentary deposits, and since it represents a
likely phase encountered in reservoirs dedicated to carbon sequestration,
it is crucial to understand the behavior of fluids on its surface.
In this study, the impacts of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride
(KCl), and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) on the structure
and dynamics of water on the calcite interface were investigated using
equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. Two force fields were
compared to model calcite. The resultant properties of interfacial
water were quantified and compared in terms of atomic density profiles,
surface density distributions, radial distribution functions (RDFs),
hydrogen bond (HB) density profiles, angular distributions, and residence
times. Our results show the formation of distinct interfacial molecular
layers, with water molecules in each layer having slightly different
orientations, depending on the force field implemented. The fluid
behavior within the first interfacial layers differs from that observed
in bulk water. There was a tendency for water molecules in adjacent
layers to form HBs between each other or the surface, as opposed to
the formation of HBs within each hydration layer. The addition of
ions disrupts the well-organized structure of oxygen atoms in the
first and second hydration layers, with KCl having the biggest effect.
Conversely, far from the interface, MgCl2 leads to the
lowest number of HBs per water, out of the salts considered. The residence
time of water within the second hydration layer follows a biexponential
decay, suggesting the simultaneous presence of two dynamic mechanisms,
one characterized by shorter time scales than the other. The time
scale associated with the former mechanism decreases as the salt concentration
is increased, whereas the opposite is observed for the slower mechanism.
In general, the results obtained with the two force fields used to
simulate calcite are similar in terms of the features of the hydration
layers and HB network but differ significantly in their predictions
for the residence times. Although experimental results are not available
to identify which of the two force fields yields predictions that
more closely resemble reality, the results highlight the contributions
of surface–water, water–water, and ion–water
interactions on the wetting properties of calcite, which are especially
important for calcite–water–electrolyte interactions
commonly observed in nature.