“…In cases where significant increases in k are deemed likely, consideration has been given to the potential use of chemically modified bentonites in GCLs for the primary purpose of mitigating any such incompatibility in order to maintain a low k (e.g., Onikata et al, 1999;Katsumi et al, 2008;Di Emidio, 2010;Mazzieri et al, 2010;Scalia et al, 2011Scalia et al, , 2014Bohnhoff, 2012;Scalia, 2012;Bohnhoff and Shackelford, 2014;Di Emidio et al, 2015;Mazzieri and Di Emidio, 2015). However, even when GCLs are able to maintain a low k upon exposure to chemical solutions, diffusion is likely to be a significant, if not dominant, mechanism of chemical transport through the GCLs due to the low k and the relative thinness of GCLs (typically 15 mm) (e.g., Shackelford, 2013a, b).…”