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Hydraulic fracturing activities implemented in Sirikit onshore oilfield of Thailand over a decade. Before 2018, the variation in post-fracturing production performance resulted in about 50% stimulation success rate. This outcome posted a big challenge to maintain project momentum. Hence, the candidate selection methodology was developed in-house which recommends "suitable" reservoirs. Using selection criteria, the multi-layered, low permeability reservoirs were selected for the 2018-19 Hydraulic Fracturing Campaign. Production analysis was conducted using the information gathered from past hydraulic fracturing campaigns. Reservoir Index (RI) was invented to distinguish the subsurface quality by formation permeability, thickness, pressure, and fluid properties. Together with the Fold of Increase (FOI) owing to hydraulic fracturing, a performance-based relationship was created which can categorize suitable reservoirs based on their RI ranges. This method has been applied to newly drilled wells during 2018. In the end, there were 13 wells selected to perform 28 hydraulic fracturing stages. The 2018-2019 Hydraulic Fracturing Campaign at Sirikit Oilfield was planned and executed. Post-fracturing production tests showing significant improvement. Some wells resulted in excellent oil production rate naturally, while some maintained high rate by artificial lift. According to post-campaign analysis, hydraulic fractures were proved to connect multiple layers of satisfactory flow capacity. In addition, well angle and stress direction accommodated the placement and orientation of multiple hydraulic fractures. As a result, the number of hydraulic fracturing stages that achieved economic production tests improved to 75% success rate. Hydraulic fracturing results from the past were fully utilized in order to achieve sustainable production improvement, thus driving continuous stimulation activities in the future. The candidate selection methodology has shaped up a candidate selection workflow that pointed out success criteria and avoided those that may lead to failure, which proved to be successful in one of the most complex fields in Thailand.
Hydraulic fracturing activities implemented in Sirikit onshore oilfield of Thailand over a decade. Before 2018, the variation in post-fracturing production performance resulted in about 50% stimulation success rate. This outcome posted a big challenge to maintain project momentum. Hence, the candidate selection methodology was developed in-house which recommends "suitable" reservoirs. Using selection criteria, the multi-layered, low permeability reservoirs were selected for the 2018-19 Hydraulic Fracturing Campaign. Production analysis was conducted using the information gathered from past hydraulic fracturing campaigns. Reservoir Index (RI) was invented to distinguish the subsurface quality by formation permeability, thickness, pressure, and fluid properties. Together with the Fold of Increase (FOI) owing to hydraulic fracturing, a performance-based relationship was created which can categorize suitable reservoirs based on their RI ranges. This method has been applied to newly drilled wells during 2018. In the end, there were 13 wells selected to perform 28 hydraulic fracturing stages. The 2018-2019 Hydraulic Fracturing Campaign at Sirikit Oilfield was planned and executed. Post-fracturing production tests showing significant improvement. Some wells resulted in excellent oil production rate naturally, while some maintained high rate by artificial lift. According to post-campaign analysis, hydraulic fractures were proved to connect multiple layers of satisfactory flow capacity. In addition, well angle and stress direction accommodated the placement and orientation of multiple hydraulic fractures. As a result, the number of hydraulic fracturing stages that achieved economic production tests improved to 75% success rate. Hydraulic fracturing results from the past were fully utilized in order to achieve sustainable production improvement, thus driving continuous stimulation activities in the future. The candidate selection methodology has shaped up a candidate selection workflow that pointed out success criteria and avoided those that may lead to failure, which proved to be successful in one of the most complex fields in Thailand.
Total skin includes different components which may contribute to the additional pressure drop around wellbore due to formation damage, perforation, partial penetration, well deviation, two phase flow, stimulation (or fracturing) and non-Darcy flow. Even though successful frac jobs usually yield incremental production gains, there are other skin components which can cause positive skin and reduce the potential (ideal) incremental gain post-fracturing such as fracture face skin and choke skin in horizontal wells with transverse fractures. There is a common understanding that perforation is important for frac execution only but not a concern during production post-fracturing because well productivity will be dominated by fracture conductivity. However, this paper shows other form of skin which can impact well productivity post-fracturing due to flow convergence inside fracture towards perforation intervals. The method is to calculate the additional pressure drop and the associated skin due to radial flow convergence inside fracture towards the perforation holes. The method considered the effective flow area which is in communication with fracture wings, and it depends on perforation density, effective entrance hole and gun phasing. The procedures include modification to the flow equation which describes choke skin due to well orientation in transverse fractured wells. This paper shows that perforation is a concern and can impact well productivity post-fracturing especially in moderate to high permeability formations. This skin component should be considered in estimating flow rate post fracturing in order to avoid over-estimation of well productivity. Also, it discusses the importance of adding perforation intervals post-fracturing to enhance well productivity and the optimum conditions / circumstances that requires adding perforation post-fracturing. This paper presents a new form of skin which should be considered during well design and frac design. By avoiding this skin, well productivity post fracturing can be significantly increased.
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