Hydraulic Limits to Tree Height and Tree Growth

Ryan, Michael G.; Yoder, Barbara J.

doi:10.2307/1313077

Cited by 1,021 publications

(767 citation statements)

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“…These results are consistent with observations of other species (e.g. Yoder et al 1994;Hubbard et al 1999;Kolb and Stone 2000;McDowell et al 2005;Martínez-Vilalta et al 2007a) in support of the hydraulic limitation hypothesis (Ryan and Yoder 1997) that K l is lower in taller trees, forcing greater stomatal closure and hence reduced A. There also appears to be a biochemical impact on A reflected in reduced internal conductance to CO 2 (g i ) with increasing height.…”

Section: The Response Of Leaf-level Gas Exchange and D To H In Nothofsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Thus, anything that affects p c affects D. This is a simplified representation of the processes that influence D but it provides an initial hypothesis framework. Gas exchange characteristics may change as trees become larger due to sizedependent variation in environmental and structural factors and their interactions, such as changes in light availability, hydraulic conductance, and carbon allocation (e.g., Yoder et al 1994;Gower et al 1996;Ryan and Yoder 1997). Some traits, such as leaf mass per area and sexual maturation, vary with meristem age independently of size (Bond 2000;Bond et al 2007;Greenwood et al 2008;Thomas 2011); however, developmental changes in gas exchange are driven by tree size rather than age (Day et al 2002;Mencuccini et al 2005;Bond et al 2007;Steppe et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant size directly impacts gas exchange through the relationship of hydraulic supply and demand (e.g. Meinzer and Grantz 1990;Mencuccini and Comstock 1999) including impacts on hydraulic conductance associated with increasing soil-to-leaf pathlength (above and belowground) (Yoder et al 1994;Mencuccini and Grace 1996a;Ryan and Yoder 1997;Phillips et al 2002;Mencuccini 2003). This relationship can be conceptualized via Darcy's law (Whitehead 1998):…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships Between Tree Height and Carbon Isotope Discrimination

et al. 2011

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Understanding how tree size impacts leaf-and crown-level gas exchange is essential to predicting forest yields and carbon and water budgets. The stable carbon isotope ratio (d 13 C) of organic matter has been used to examine the relationship of gas exchange to tree size for a host of species because it carries a temporally integrated signature of foliar photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The carbon isotope composition of leaves reflects discrimination against 13 C relative to 12 C during photosynthesis and is the net result of the balance of change in CO 2 supply and demand at the sites of photosynthesis within the leaf mesophyll. Interpreting the patterns of changes in d 13 C with tree size are not always clear, however, because multiple factors that regulate gas exchange and carbon isotope discrimination (D) co-vary with height, such as solar irradiance and hydraulic conductance. Here we review 36 carbon isotope datasets from 38 tree species and conclude that there is a consistent, linear decline of D with height. The most parsimonious explanation of this result is that gravitational constraints on maximum leaf water potential set an ultimate boundary on the shape and sign of the relationship. These hydraulic constraints are manifest both over the long term through impacts on leaf structure, and over diel periods via impacts on stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and leaf hydraulic conductance. Shading induces a positive offset to the linear decline, consistent with light limitations reducing carbon fixation and increasing partial pressures of CO 2 inside of the leaf, p c at a given height. Biome differences between tropical and temperate forests were more important in predicting D and its relationship to height than wood type associated with being an angiosperm or gymnosperm. It is not yet clear how leaf internal conductance varies with leaf mass area, but some data in particularly tall, temperate conifers suggest that photosynthetic capacity may not vary dramatically with height when compared between tree-tops, while stomatal and leaf internal conductances do decline in unison with height within canopy gradients. It is also clear that light is a critical variable low in the canopy, whereas hydrostatic constraints dominate the relationship between D and height in the upper canopy. The trend of increasing maximum height with decreasing minimum D suggests that trees that become particularly tall may be adapted to tolerate particularly low values of p c .

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Section: The Response Of Leaf-level Gas Exchange and D To H In Nothofsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships Between Tree Height and Carbon Isotope Discrimination

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“…For instance tree age was positively correlated with both tree dimension and crop production. Previous research work showed this positive and significant linkage between tree dimensions and age (Ryan and Yoder, 1997). Moreover, other authors such as Krugman and Jenkinson (1974) and Richardson (1998), concluded that pine cone crop is largely determined by environmental factors, tree size as well as tree age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Stand, tree and crown variables affecting cone crop and seed yield of Aleppo pine forests in different bioclimatic regions of Tunisia

Ayari

Zubizarreta-Gerendiain

Tomé³

et al. 2012

For. syst.

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In Tunisia, the Aleppo pine seed has a great importance, since in the last decades human consumption has risen considerable. Thus its regeneration and seed production capacities are important factors to take into account to reach the necessities of the country. To study the production of cones and seeds of Aleppo pine, Tunisia's native Aleppo pine forests were surveyed in summer 2006, using 79 plots (40 × 25 m: 1,000 m²) spread over four bioclimatic zones. Stand and tree characteristics, crown dimensions and cone/seed variables were measured from an average tree of each plot (i.e. a total of 79 trees). Recorded data were submitted to simple and multiple regression analyses for explaining the variability in crown volume and crown surface, cone number and seed yield per average tree. Results showed a negative correlation between the stand density, crown characteristics and number of cones and seeds harvested from the average tree. For crown volume and surface, age, stand density, tree height, diameter at breast height, crown diameter and crown height were important explanatory variables under multiple regression analyses. For cone number per tree, only the age, stand density and total height were the most determinant variables. Matures cone number per tree and cone mass per tree were the most informative parameters for the total seed yields per tree. Finally, forest managers should know that crown size affects cone and seed crop of the Aleppo pine individual tree grown in Tunisia, but has no effects on seed number per cone and seed mass per cone.Key words: Aleppo pine; crown dimensions; cone number; seed yields; bioclimatic zones; Tunisia. ResumenVariables de parcela, árbol y copa que afectan la producción de piñas y piñones en bosques de pino carrasco de Túnez En Túnez, la producción de piñones del pino carrasco tiene una gran importancia, ya que en las últimas décadas su consumo ha aumentado de forma considerable. Por ello, su regeneración y capacidad de producción de piñas/piñones en un factor a tener en cuenta en Túnez. En verano del 2006 se eligieron 79 parcelas de 1.000 m² (40 × 25 m) situadas en cuatro zonas bioclimáticas representativas de Túnez para el estudio de la capacidad de producción de piñas/piñones del pino carrasco. Teniendo en cuenta todos los árboles de las parcelas, se identificó el árbol promedio, del que posteriormente se medirían variables de árbol, dimensión de copa y producción de piñas/piñones. Los resultados demuestran una correlación negativa entre la densidad de la parcela, características de la copa y el número de piñas/piñones recolectados por cada árbol promedio. Para la descripción del volumen y superficie de copa, las variables más importantes fueron edad, densidad de parcela, altura y diámetro del árbol, y altura y diámetro de la copa. Las variables edad, densidad de parcela y altura del árbol fueron las más significativas para la determinación de nú-mero de piñas por árbol. Para el cálculo del total de piñones por árbol, las variables más informativas fueron el nú-mero ...

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“…Distance to ocean shoreline and elevation do not change between time periods. As forest stands age, height growth slows, reaching a constant once mature (Ryan & Yoder 1997). Given the broad height classes used in marbled murrelet habitat modelling, height changes have little impact on model estimates and therefore were treated as static in the analysis.…”

Section: Marbled Murrelet Nesting Habitat Model Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating 30-year change in coastal old‑growth habitat for a forest-nesting seabird in British Columbia, Canada

Long¹,

Hazlitt²,

Nelson³

et al. 2011

Endang. Species. Res.

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The marbled murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus is an old-growth dependent species that nests in North American coastal forests. Canadian populations and occurrence data are limited; however concern over loss of nesting habitat in coastal British Columbia led to an assessment of 'threatened' by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, and subsequent listing under the Canadian Species at Risk Act. Information on the availability and patterns of change in nesting habitat is essential for making land-use decisions and for monitoring the conservation status of this wide-ranging seabird. We estimated potential marbled murrelet nesting habitat for the coast of British Columbia at 2 points in time, 1978 and 2008, and quantified habitat loss and modelled habitat recruitment over this 30 yr time period, a key time frame for the assessment of the conservation status of this high-profile species. We implemented 3 predictive habitat suitability models for the province of British Columbia, ranging from exclusive to more inclusive models. Based on the various habitat model scenarios, including corrections using aspatial harvest records, we estimated that 20 to 24% of potential marbled murrelet nesting habitat was lost to forest harvest and fire from 1978 to 2008. If modelled habitat recruitment is considered, then net change in potential nesting habitat is 20 to 22% loss. Our estimates of potential murrelet habitat and subsequent habitat loss and change are influenced by numerous sources of uncertainty, such as actual suitability of forest stands for breeding murrelets and known deficiencies in the forest harvest spatial datasets. However, the results presented here provide the first range of province-wide habitat change possibilities and are consistent with previous regional analyses of potential marbled murrelet habitat loss in British Columbia.

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Hydraulic Limits to Tree Height and Tree Growth

Cited by 1,021 publications

References 41 publications

Relationships Between Tree Height and Carbon Isotope Discrimination

Relationships Between Tree Height and Carbon Isotope Discrimination

Stand, tree and crown variables affecting cone crop and seed yield of Aleppo pine forests in different bioclimatic regions of Tunisia

Estimating 30-year change in coastal old‑growth habitat for a forest-nesting seabird in British Columbia, Canada

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