“…To effectively degrade ibuprofen, researchers have used a number of methods to try to remove this contaminant, including adsorption, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, thermal catalysis, and biodegradation ( Navrozidou et al, 2019 ; Falletta et al, 2023 ; Abdo et al, 2024 ; Jin et al, 2024 ; Li et al, 2024 ). Among these methods, photocatalysis is a green technology that degrades ibuprofen only with the help of light energy ( Sruthi et al, 2021 ; Rebollo et al, 2024 ). Although it is said that light energy is required, the degradation of ibuprofen cannot be completed without a photocatalyst ( Shakir, 2024 ).…”