Hydrocarbon biorefinery: A sustainable approach

Present Trends of Biofuel Production and Consumption in the European Union

“…The other countries with daily biofuel production are Poland (19), Sweden (11), Belgium (9), Austria (8), Finland (5), and Portugal (5). KUNAMALLA et al, 2021). This implies that, for mobility applications, for a given tank volume, the vehicle's range is diminished proportionally.…”

Electrochemical production of methyltetrahydrofuran, a biofuel for diesel engines

“…2 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) is one desirable target chemical because MTHF can be used as an alternative fuel in existing internal combustion engines when mixed with diesel up to 70% v/v. [3][4][5] MTHF can also be used in lithium battery electrolytes and as a solvent because its solubility properties match those of tetrahydrofuran (THF), n-hexane, and dichloromethane (DCM). [2][3][4]6 The commercial potential for MTHF is estimated at 4$4 billion annually.…”

“…S1, ESI †). 4,5 An alternative method to produce MTHF, demonstrated at a lab scale, involves dehydrogenating levulinic acid (10-60 bar, 300-350 1C) into g-valerolactone, then hydrodeoxygenating g-valerolactone into MTHF. 4 The challenge is that both of these methods require H 2 gas, which is carbon-intensive to make (because it is currently sourced from methane), as well as difficult and expensive to handle and store.…”

“…S1, ESI†). 4,5 An alternative method to produce MTHF, demonstrated at a lab scale, involves dehydrogenating levulinic acid (10–60 bar, 300–350 °C) into γ-valerolactone, then hydrodeoxygenating γ-valerolactone into MTHF. 4…”

Understanding the different deoxygenation reaction pathways of lauric acid over alumina-supported Ni and Co catalysts

“…The deoxygenation step facilitates the production of hydrocarbons in the diesel and kerosene ranges from triglycerides of fatty acids that are the major components of vegetable, microbial and microalgal oils, animal fats, waste cooking oils, etc. 7–10…”