Hydrocephalus in Animals

Schmidt, Martin J.; Ondreka, Nele

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27250-4_36

Cited by 14 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 110 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…Dogs and cats with congenital hydrocephalus may have signs from birth such as a large, dome-shaped head, persistent fontanelles, and bilateral ventrolateral strabismus that may be the result of either orbital skull malformation or vestibular dysfunction, however, more commonly signs become apparent in the first few months of life ( 27 ). Moreover, hydrocephalic puppies often show a retarded growth, so comparison with littermates can be very helpful ( 28 ). Unfortunately, the progression of symptoms is variable, so affected puppies may not show clear neurological signs, especially when they are very young ( 28 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, hydrocephalic puppies often show a retarded growth, so comparison with littermates can be very helpful ( 28 ). Unfortunately, the progression of symptoms is variable, so affected puppies may not show clear neurological signs, especially when they are very young ( 28 ). Therefore, those puppies who did not present apparent malformations or clinical signs at birth may not have been registered as malformed in the medical records and so the incidence rate may be underestimated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reduced cranial capacity impairing cerebral compliance and malformations of the craniovertebral junction (atlantoaxial instability, occipital-atlantoaxial overlap syndrome, and “Chiari-like malformation”) are the most common causes of impaired CSF flow and communicating hydrocephalus in a high number of brachycephalic breeds ( 28 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Congenital hydrocephalus is frequently diagnosed in toy breed dogs including Pomeranians but is also overrepresented by the brachycephalic group (Boston terrier, English Bulldog, Maltese, Pug, Pekingese, and Chihuahua) ( 27 , 28 ). The latter is the most commonly affected breed, which might indicate that genetics play a role in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus in this breed ( 28 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Congenital malformations in brachycephalic dogs: A retrospective study

et al. 2022

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The popularity of brachycephalic dogs has increased in recent years due to their docile temperament and peculiar features. The historical inbreeding and consequent lack of genetic diversity involved in the development of these breeds led to an increase in the manifestation of deleterious genes that may lead to malformations. In addition, there are serious health issues intrinsic to the conformation, mainly attributed to these extreme characteristics. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to observe the frequency of malformations in brachycephalic dogs compared to the pure and mixed breeds (MB). The medical records of pregnant bitches admitted at the Service of Obstetrics and Animal Reproduction (SORA) from January 2017 to December 2021 were retrieved from the hospital's computer system and analyzed one by one. Seven hundred sixty-eight neonates born from 168 litters were included in this study. Of these litters, 72.6% (122/168) were brachycephalic. Malformations were found in 52 puppies, with an incidence of 6.77% (52/768). Of the 32 litters that produced malformed puppies, 28 were brachycephalic (87.5%). In total, 23 types of malformations were registered, the most common being cleft palate (1.30%) and anasarca (1.17%). Ten of the puppies (10/52; 19.23%) presented two or more associated malformations. Bitches above 7 years were more prone to present malformed puppies in their litters. Brachycephalic breeds were 3.03 times more likely to present malformed neonates when compared to other breeds; the odds ratio increased to 5.07 when modern brachycephalic was compared to ancestral brachycephalic. Regarding the mode of delivery, elective cesarean sections accounted for 66.6% of births while 19.64% were eutocic vaginal deliveries, and 13.69% were dystocic. The presence of malformed puppies in a litter causes suffering for the owner, the bitch and for the puppy itself, therefore, the veterinarian plays a key role in this scenario. Knowledge about congenital abnormalities, their causes, diagnosis, and approach is essential to reduce the incidence of malformations and improve the quality of life of these animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Congenital malformations in brachycephalic dogs: A retrospective study

et al. 2022

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“…A particular show line, the so-called ‘peke face’, which describes the triangular midface characterised by an extremely shortened nose that is aligned with the eyes, presents with a high incidence of internal hydrocephalus. 22…”

Section: Causes Of Fading Kitten Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Fading kitten syndrome: Factors predisposing to ‘faders’ and treatment options

Münnich

2022

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Practical relevance: Fading kitten syndrome is a condition where one or more kittens of a litter are born apparently healthy but gradually become inactive, sick and die; typically faders are considered those that die during the first 2 weeks of life. Fading has many potential aetiologies, including a wide variety of infectious, toxic, traumatic, metabolic and genetic diseases. Regardless of the underlying cause, the approach to a sick neonate is similar, and initiating supportive care is the first priority, followed by a detailed physical examination. Where possible, the cause of disease should be determined, and this may inform adjustments to the treatment protocol. Clinical challenges: Most perinatal and neonatal diseases present similarly and a specific cause cannot usually be determined from clinical signs alone, which can make diagnosis challenging. When examining a kitten, it is important to remember that there are distinct physiological differences between adults and neonates. In addition, some procedures can be more difficult to perform than in adults, such as blood collection, and some diagnostic tests are harder to interpret, such as radiography. When treating kittens, differences compared with adults again need to be considered. Aim: The aim of this review is to provide guidance to veterinarians who are presented with a fading kitten. As well as reviewing the potential causes of fading kitten syndrome, the diagnostic approach and treatment options are discussed. Algorithms summarising possible pathways to neonatal mortality in kittens, and diagnostic and therapeutic options in fading kittens, are also provided. Evidence base: Information provided in this review is based on the published feline literature and papers discussing puppies and/or a range of species including cats, as well as the author’s own clinical experience.

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Clinical and imaging features of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventriculitis with suspected obstructive hydrocephalus in a German Shepherd dog

Goody,

Schwarz,

Alcott

et al. 2024

Vet Record Case Reports

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A 5‐year‐old male neutered German Shepherd dog was evaluated following a seizure for acute and rapidly progressive obtundation, vertical nystagmus and ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging exhibited marked hydrocephalus in the lateral ventricles with cerebellar herniation through the foramen magnum. In the periventricular tissues, T2‐weighted fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensity was present, representing periventricular oedema. The ventricular walls were multifocally thickened and contrast enhancing, indicating ventriculitis. There was mild multifocal asymmetric enhancement of the meninges of the left rostroventral calvarial margin and cervical spinal cord, with cervical syringomyelia. The patient was not able to self‐ventilate and was euthanased within 24 hours of starting supportive treatment. Necropsy findings were consistent with ventriculitis, meningitis, hydrocephalus and cerebellar herniation. A moderate yield of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected on cerebrospinal fluid culture and postmortem brain tissue culture.

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Hydrocephalus in Animals

Cited by 14 publications

References 110 publications

Congenital malformations in brachycephalic dogs: A retrospective study

Congenital malformations in brachycephalic dogs: A retrospective study

Fading kitten syndrome: Factors predisposing to ‘faders’ and treatment options

Clinical and imaging features of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventriculitis with suspected obstructive hydrocephalus in a German Shepherd dog

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