Hydrochemical and isotope characteristics of spring water and travertine in the Baishuitai area (SW China) and their meaning for paleoenvironmental reconstruction

Liu, Zaihua; Zhang, M.; Li, Q.; You, Shijun

doi:10.1007/s00254-003-0811-4

Cited by 61 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The exceptionally high proportion of Ca 2+ and HCO 3 − in the Argens, Dordogne, Baishuitai and Huanglong samples are believed to result from the addition of significant amounts of juvenile (deep) carbon dioxide (Martin, 1991;Liu et al, 2003). In many European limestone regions that we have sampled, waters impacted by human activity are more numerous than those that reflect solely natural processes: SNC is often greater than 20%, and in many cases reaches 40%.…”

Section: Limestone Karstmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Correlating specific conductivity with total hardness in limestone and dolomite karst waters

Krawczyk

Ford

2005

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Under field conditions modern digital conductivity meters give standardized, rapid and reproducible measurements. Here we investigate the accuracy of their estimates of the composition of karst waters, as total hardness (TH, as mg/L CaCO 3 ) for limestone and dolomite. These are the fundamental measures of process in carbonate karst geomorphology. PHREEQC theoretical curves for the dissolution of pure calcite/aragonite and dolomite in water at 25°C are compared with water analyses from karst studies worldwide. Other principal ions encountered are sulphates, nitrates and chlorides (the 'SNC' group). From carbonate karsts, 2309 spring, well and stream samples were divided into uncontaminated (SNC < < < < < 10%), moderately contaminated (10 < < < < < SNC < < < < < 20%), and contaminated (SNC > > > > > 20%) classes. Where specific conductivity (SpC) is less than 600 µ µ µ µ µS/cm, a clear statistical distinction can be drawn between waters having little contamination and substantially contaminated waters with SNC > > > > > 20%. As sometimes claimed in manufacturers' literature, in 'clean' limestone waters TH is close to 1 /2SpC, with a standard error of 2-3 mg/L. The slope of the best-fit line for 1949 samples covering all SNC classes where SpC < < < < < 600 µ µ µ µ µS/cm is 1·86, very close to the 1·88 obtained for clean limestone waters; however, the value of the intercept is ten times higher. The regression line for clean limestone waters where SpC > > > > > 600 µ µ µ µ µS/cm helps to distinguish polluted waters from clean waters with possible endogenic sources of CO 2 . In the range 250 < < < < < SpC < < < < < 600 µ µ µ µ µS/cm, dolomite waters can be readily distinguished from limestone waters.

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Section: Limestone Karstmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…There are comparatively few limestone waters where SpC > 600 µS/cm but SNC < 10%. Figure 1(b) includes 23 published analyses from karst springs in Argens and Dordogne, France (Martin, 1991), and travertine depositing springs in Huanglong (Liu et al, 1995) and Baishuitai, China (Liu et al, 2003). The linear fit is…”

Section: Limestone Karstmentioning

confidence: 97%

Correlating specific conductivity with total hardness in limestone and dolomite karst waters

Krawczyk

Ford

2005

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…In addition to dominant Ca 2+ (18% of the ionic concentration) and HCO 3 − (70% of the ionic concentration), Mg 2+ and SO 4 2− were the next dominant anions (4.5% and 7.0% of the ionic concentration, respectively) in water. The material source of tufa deposition is suggested to be from Ca 2+ and HCO 3 − , and higher Ca 2+ and HCO 3 − concentrations yield a higher tufa growth rate, with all other conditions being the same in the parent water [38]. Some studies also showed that a SO 4 2− reduction increased the SIc and favored CaCO 3 precipitation, and Mg 2+…”

Section: Tufa Deposition and Hydrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Tufa Degradation in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China

Liu

2017

Water

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Water and tufa samples were collected from Arrow Bamboo Lake, the stream from Panda Lake to Five-Color Lake, Pearl Shoal and Shuzheng Lakes in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, China, between October 2013 and September 2014, to investigate tufa growth rate and water environment (water temperature, pH, electric conductivity, major ions and nutrients), and analyzed to explore the main causes of tufa degradation. The mean annual rate of tufa growth was low and varied within lakes, with the maximum deposit thickness of 332 µm/y. The calcite saturation index ranged from 0.65 to 0.83. Scanning electron microscope images showed that the tufa deposits had non-isopachous structures, and diatoms were the dominant microorganisms that participated in tufa deposition. Porous and crystalline structures of deposits were linked with a high tufa growth and small amounts of diatoms. Conversely, tufa deposits with amorphous and loose structures showed a low crystal growth rate and a high number of diatoms. A one-way analysis of variance and a least significant difference test were applied to identify site differences in water chemistry. Linear correlations indicated that nitrate, phosphate and sulfate inhibit tufa growth (p < 0.05). Increased nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations that originate mainly from atmospheric pollution and tourist activities at scenic attractions could trigger excessive diatom growth, which inhibits tufa precipitation. A series of measures should be implemented (e.g., the visitor number and vehicles should be regulated and controlled) to minimize tufa degradation in the Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve.

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“…Meteogene tufas and travertines provide a more useful set of palaeoenvironmental information than do thermogene examples because of the complexity induced in the latter by geothermal warming and endogenic CO 2 production (Liu et al, 2003). Meteogene tufas and travertines provide complex palaeoenvironmental indicators when compared with most speleothem deposits, because they form under more variable ambient temperatures and water fl ow regimes, rather than the more muted underground regimes within cave systems.…”

Section: Palaeoenvironmental Signifi Cancementioning

confidence: 99%

Tufa and Travertine

Viles¹,

Pentecost²

2007

Geochemical Sediments and Landscapes

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Hydrochemical and isotope characteristics of spring water and travertine in the Baishuitai area (SW China) and their meaning for paleoenvironmental reconstruction

Cited by 61 publications

References 13 publications

Correlating specific conductivity with total hardness in limestone and dolomite karst waters

Correlating specific conductivity with total hardness in limestone and dolomite karst waters

Factors Affecting Tufa Degradation in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China

Tufa and Travertine

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