Hydrochemical characteristics and genesis analysis of geothermal fluid in the Zhaxikang geothermal field in Cuona County, southern Tibet

Wang, Yingchun; Gu, Hengfei; Li, Dan; Lyu, Min; Lu, Lianghua; Zuo, Yinhui; Song, Rongcai

doi:10.1007/s12665-021-09577-8

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…In addition, parallel decreases in δ 13 C and DIC values can be observed within ±40 km of the suture zone boundary (Figure 5), indicating the occurrence of calcite precipitation under isothermal conditions of approximately 84–88°C in the Tibetan geothermal fluid, as explained later. No clear northward or southward trends were observed for the DOC concentration or δ 13 C DOC values, indicating that in addition to a deep carbon source, the origin of the carbon may involve mixing with shallow groundwater (Wang et al., 2021). Our data combined with previous reports suggest that the main source of hot spring carbon is deep crustal metamorphic decarbonation, this carbon is intricately linked to the tectonics of the region, and the characteristics of this carbon are altered by shallow crustal processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic and Inorganic Carbon Sinks Reduce Long‐Term Deep Carbon Emissions in the Continental Collision Margin of the Southern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for Cenozoic Climate Cooling

Wang,

Quan,

Tang

et al. 2024

JGR Solid Earth

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This paper aims to update our understanding of the carbon cycle in the Himalayas, the most intense collisional orogeny globally, by providing new insight into its impact on Cenozoic climate cooling through the use of isotopic variations in both organic and inorganic carbon and an isotopic mass balance model. Our results from 20 selected hot springs show that the relative contributions of dissolved carbon from the mantle, metamorphic decarbonization, aqueous dissolution, and soil organic matter are approximately 2%, 82%, 6%, and 10%, respectively. Approximately 87% ± 5% of CO2 generated in the deep crust precipitates as calcite, while approximately 5.5% ± 1% of this carbon is converted to biomass through microbial chemosynthesis at depths less than 2 km. Our random forests approach yielded a metamorphic carbon flux from the entire Himalayan orogenic belt of approximately 2.7 ∼ 4.5 × 1012 mol/yr. The minor CO2 released into the atmosphere (2.5 ∼ 4.2 × 1011 mol/yr) is comparable to the carbon consumption driven by Himalayan weathering. This paper provides new insights into deep carbon cycling, notably that approximately 93% of deeply sourced carbon is trapped in the shallow crust, rendering orogenic processes carbon neutral and possibly acting as one of the major triggers of long‐term climate cooling in the Cenozoic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic and Inorganic Carbon Sinks Reduce Long‐Term Deep Carbon Emissions in the Continental Collision Margin of the Southern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for Cenozoic Climate Cooling

Wang,

Quan,

Tang

et al. 2024

JGR Solid Earth

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“…There are clusters of springs in an area of about 400 m 2 [34]. The temperature of the hot spring is from 43 C, with a total flow rate of about 2 L/s.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a slight sulfur odor, and the hot water eventually flows into the Langmai River. Zhaxikang thermal area's reservoir temperature ranges between 185 • C and 205 • C [34].…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Genesis Mechanism and Health Risk Assessment of High Boron Water in the Zhaxikang Geothermal Area, South Tibet

Wang

et al. 2022

Water

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The natural discharge of geothermal water containing harmful components affects the water quality of the surrounding environment and brings security risks to drinking water safety. The geothermal water in Tibet is characterized by high boron content, but the water pollution caused by the discharge of this high boron geothermal water is not clear. In this study, we collected geothermal water and surface water from the Zhaxikang geothermal system in southern Tibet to investigate the causes of high boron geothermal water and the water pollution of water quality by its discharge. The results indicate that the hydrochemical type of geothermal water was HCO3-Cl-Na, while that of cold spring water, mine water, river water, and lake water was SO4-HCO3-Ca-Mg. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes show that the recharge source of cold groundwater was mainly snow-melting water and meteoric water, while in addition to that, there is magmatic water for hot springs. The boron content of geothermal water in the study area is as high as 42.36 mg/L, far exceeding the World Health Organization limit for drinking water (0.5 mg/L). The analysis of ion components and PHREEQC modeling indicated that the dissolution of silicate minerals and cation exchange controlled the composition of groundwater, and the boron in groundwater mainly came from the volatilization of magmatic components and the leaching of shallow sediments. The entropy weight water quality index was used to evaluate the water quality of the study area; about 42.9% of the groundwater samples are of good quality and can be used for drinking, mainly cold water that has not been mixed with geothermal water in the upstream. With the discharge of geothermal water into the river (with a mix ratio of ~20%), the downstream water quality gradually deteriorated. The health risk assessment of drinking water in the study area showed that the hazard index (HI) of drinking water in the mixed area was higher than 1 (with an average of 1.594 for children and 1.366 for adults), indicating that children are at a higher health risk than adults. Geothermal water with high boron content has been found all over the world, and the adverse effects of its natural drainage cannot be ignored.

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“…Along the Zengjiuqu River valley and slope, geothermal manifestation with a length of 3 km and temperature of 43 °C-68.2 °C is developed, belonging to the low-to medium-temperature geothermal system. Previous studies focused on the hydrochemical characteristics and genetic mechanism of geothermal waters in Tibet (Elenga et al, 2021;Li et al, 2021;Tian et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2021;Klemperer et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2022). However, the studies on the genesis mode of the Woka geothermal springs are lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the genetic mechanism of high-temperature geothermal system and its engineering impact in the Woka graben, Tibet

Zhou

2022

Front. Earth Sci.

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The geothermal resource has become the significant constitution of renewable and clean energies in the world. This study focuses on the genetic mechanism of a high-temperature geothermal system and its engineering impact in the Woka graben, southern Tibet, via hydrochemical and isotopic analyses. The hydrochemical types are mainly SO4-Na type, SO4-Cl-Na type, and HCO3-SO4-Na type. Geothermal water is characterized as medium to alkaline affinity with low total dissolved solids. D-O isotopes indicate that geothermal water is recharged by atmospheric precipitation at the elevation of 5193–5247 m. Na-K-Mg equilibrium diagram shows partial equilibrium or mixed water, and the proportion of cold water mixing is 73–83%. The temperature ranges of shallow and deep geothermal reservoirs are from 96.85°C to 119.57°C and from 120°C to 200°C, respectively. Geothermal water is heated by melting crust and controlled by deep faults. For major construction projects in the Woka graben, detailed investigation and demonstration should be conducted to avoid the geothermal water channel as much as possible, or to divert the geothermal water and reasonably arrange the construction sequence to overcome the problem.

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Hydrochemical characteristics and genesis analysis of geothermal fluid in the Zhaxikang geothermal field in Cuona County, southern Tibet

Cited by 13 publications

References 53 publications

Organic and Inorganic Carbon Sinks Reduce Long‐Term Deep Carbon Emissions in the Continental Collision Margin of the Southern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for Cenozoic Climate Cooling

Organic and Inorganic Carbon Sinks Reduce Long‐Term Deep Carbon Emissions in the Continental Collision Margin of the Southern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for Cenozoic Climate Cooling

The Genesis Mechanism and Health Risk Assessment of High Boron Water in the Zhaxikang Geothermal Area, South Tibet

Study on the genetic mechanism of high-temperature geothermal system and its engineering impact in the Woka graben, Tibet

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