Hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes using multivariate indices along Indus Suture Zone, North Pakistan

Jehan, Shah; Khattak, Seema Anjum; Khan, Sardar; Ali, Liaqat; Hussain, Mian Luqman

doi:10.1007/s10653-022-01364-z

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Analytical findings reveal that within the cation group, calcium dominates, followed by sodium in the sequence Ca 2+ (39.32%) > Na + (37.42%) > Mg 2+ (21.11%) > > K + (1.16%) (Fig. 2 a) (Jehan et al 2023 ). Calcium and magnesium concentrations ranged from 28 to 178 mgL –1 and 2 to 120 mgL –1 , respectively, with average levels of 65 mgL –1 and 34.89 mgL –1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elevated groundwater hardness in the study area was correlated with Na + and SO 4 2– , supported by their similar distribution patterns and significant positive correlations ( r 2 = 0.89 and 0.92) with hardness. Increased concentrations could be attributed to the presence of limestone, dolomite, calcite, argillite, and gypsum-containing rocks as well as their local mining activities (Jehan et al 2023 ; Kumar et al 2019 ), which potentially facilitated the release of carbonates and other ions in groundwater. Turbidity, observed at 87% of the sites, surpassed WHO recommended levels.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address this issue, the water quality index (WQI) comes into play, offering a holistic evaluation by considering multiple physicochemical parameters (Haq & Muhammad 2023 ; Ram et al 2021 ; Shaibur et al 2024 ). WQI serves as an effective tool, simplifying intricate water quality data into a comprehensible single value for policymakers and environmentalists (Jehan et al 2023 ). Operating on a scale of 0 to 100, the WQI encapsulates complex information, concisely rating water quality status (excellent, good, poor, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It involves evaluating potential health hazards posed by groundwater contaminants and assessing the probability of adverse health effects in exposed populations. Various tools such as the human health risk assessment (HHRA) model, average daily intake (ADI), hazard quotients (HQs), and hazard index (HI) play a vital role in this process, providing invaluable insights into potential health risks (Adebayo et al 2021 ; Jehan et al 2023 ; Tomašek et al 2022 ). By identifying vulnerable populations and prioritizing mitigation measures, HHRA plays a central role in safeguarding public health and guiding policy interventions to ensure safe and sustainable access to clean water resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of hydrochemical characteristics, health risks and quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in a mountainous region of Pakistan

Jadoon,

Zaheer,

Tariq

et al. 2024

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Renowned for its agriculture, livestock, and mining, Zhob district, Pakistan, faces the urgent problem of declining groundwater quality due to natural and human-induced factors. This deterioration poses significant challenges for residents who rely on groundwater for drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes. Therefore, this novel study aimed to carry out a comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality in Zhob district, considering various aspects such as hydrochemical characteristics, human health risks, and suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. While previous studies may have focused on one or a few of these aspects, this study integrates multiple analyses to provide a holistic understanding of the groundwater quality situation in the region. Additionally, the study applies a range of common hydrochemical analysis methods (acid–base titration, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and ion chromatography), drinking water quality index (WQI), irrigation indices, and health risk assessment models, using 19 water quality parameters. This multi-method approach enhances the robustness and accuracy of the assessment, providing valuable insights for decision-makers and stakeholders. The results revealed that means of the majority of water quality parameters, such as pH (7.64), electrical conductivity (830.13 μScm–1), total dissolved solids (562.83 mgL–1), as well as various anions, and cations, were in line with drinking water norms. However, the water quality index (WQI) predominantly indicated poor drinking water quality (range = 51–75) at 50% sites, followed by good quality (range = 26–50) at 37% of the sites, with 10% of the sites exhibiting very poor quality (range = 76–100). For irrigation purposes, indices such as sodium percent (mean = 31.37%), sodium adsorption ratio (mean = 0.98 meqL–1), residual sodium carbonate (– 3.15 meqL–1), Kelley’s index (mean = 0.49), and permeability (mean = 49.11%) indicated suitability without immediate treatment. However, the magnesium hazard (mean = 46.11%) and potential salinity (mean = 3.93) demonstrated that prolonged application of groundwater for irrigation needs soil management to avoid soil compaction and salinity. Water samples exhibit characteristics of medium salinity and low alkalinity (C2S1) as well as high salinity and low alkalinity (C3S1) categories. The Gibbs diagram results revealed that rock weathering, including silicate weathering and cation exchange, is the primary factor governing the hydrochemistry of groundwater. The hydrochemical composition is dominated by mixed Ca–Mg–Cl, followed by Na–Cl and Mg–Cl types. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment highlighted that fluoride (F–) posed a higher risk compared with nitrate (NO3–). Additionally, ingestion was found to pose a higher risk to health compared to dermal contact, with children being particularly vulnerable. The average hazard index (HI) for children was 1.24, surpassing the allowable limit of 1, indicating detrimental health effects on this subpopulation. Conversely, average HI values for adult females (0.59) and adult males (0.44) were within safe levels, suggesting minimal concerns for these demographic groups. Overall, the study’s interdisciplinary approach and depth of analysis make a significant contribution to understanding groundwater quality dynamics and associated risks in Zhob district, potentially informing future management and mitigation strategies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Assessment of hydrochemical characteristics, health risks and quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in a mountainous region of Pakistan

Jadoon,

Zaheer,

Tariq

et al. 2024

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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show abstract

“…DWQI is a widely used and robust technique to assess the quality of drinking water [ 7 , 51 ]. DWQI is used to indicate the combined effect of various intensive and complex water quality data [ [51] , [52] , [53] ]. Three stages are required to calculate the DWQI using equations (2) , (3) , (4) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and seasonal groundwater quality assessment for drinking suitability using index and machine learning approach

Berhanu,

Lohani,

Hatiye

2024

Heliyon

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Comparative analysis of heavy metals toxicity in drinking water of selected industrial zones in Gujranwala, Pakistan

Afzal,

Begum,

Iram

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes using multivariate indices along Indus Suture Zone, North Pakistan

Cited by 3 publications

References 71 publications

Assessment of hydrochemical characteristics, health risks and quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in a mountainous region of Pakistan

Assessment of hydrochemical characteristics, health risks and quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in a mountainous region of Pakistan

Spatial and seasonal groundwater quality assessment for drinking suitability using index and machine learning approach

Comparative analysis of heavy metals toxicity in drinking water of selected industrial zones in Gujranwala, Pakistan

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