Hydrochemical properties of drinking water and their sources apportionment of pollution in Bajaur agency, Pakistan

Jehan, Shah; Khan, Sardar; Khattak, Seema Anjum; Muhammad, Said; Rashid, Abdur; Muhammad, Nisar

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2019.02.090

Cited by 63 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The investigation of water quality and its resources is essential for understanding the current state of water and the main threats that have occurred over the past decades. Natural (i.e., erosion and weathering) and anthropogenic activities have drastically and exceedingly reduced the volume and quality of water globally (Jehan et al 2019a ; Rashid et al 2019a ). Anthropogenic factors are a set of different activities that depend on intensity and time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Swat River, Northern Pakistan, water quality using multivariate statistical techniques and water quality index (WQI) model

Jehan

Ullah

Khan

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study evaluates the characteristics of water along the Swat River, Northern Pakistan. For this purpose, water samples (n = 30) were collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters including heavy metals (HM). The mean concentrations of physicochemical parameters and HM were within the drinking water guideline values set by the World Health Organization (WHO 2011) except 34%, 60%, and 56% of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb), respectively. Pollution sources were identified by various multivariate statistical techniques including correlation analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) indicating different origins both naturally and anthropogenically. Results of the water quality index (WQI) ranged from 13.58 to 209 with an average value of 77 suggesting poor water quality for drinking and domestic purposes. The poor water quality was mainly related to high sodium (alkalinity) and salinity hazards showing > 27% and 20% water samples have poor alkalinity and salinity hazards, respectively. Hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were used to determine the health risk of HM in the study area. For water-related health risk, HQingestion, HQdermal, and HI values were > 1, indicating noncarcinogenic health risk (NCR) posed by these HM to the exposed population.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Swat River, Northern Pakistan, water quality using multivariate statistical techniques and water quality index (WQI) model

Jehan

Ullah

Khan

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…However, the northern mountainous regions generally have good quality of drinking water. A study of 44 samples in Bajaur agency showed that hydrochemical characteristics and quality assessment parameters were within the permissible range set by WHO except SO4 −2 , K + , NO3 − , and HCO3 − in 9%, 40%, 54%, and 67% of the analyzed samples, respectively [6]. A study conducted in Swat valley concluded that the physiochemical parameters were within their safe limits except in a few locations, whereas, the fecal contaminations in drinking water resources exceeded the drinking water quality standards of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), 2008 and World Health Organization (WHO), 2011 [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Rapid Performance Evaluation of Water Supply Services for Strategic Planning

Shahzad¹,

Rehan

Fahim

2019

Civ Eng J

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The assessment of existing water supply services was carried out through selected performance indicators with the aim of using that data in future for strategic planning of urban Mardan. The key performance indictors studied were selected to assess both the quantity and quality of water. The quality of water was assessed by turbidity, pH, and E-coli tests for samples collected at the start, middle, and tail end of the distribution system. The quantity of water supplied was measured by calculating discharges from water tapes at the three selected locations in the distribution system. A total of thirty samples were collected from ten union councils out of fourteen covering urban Mardan. A number of issues are highlighted in the overall water supply infrastructure and short, mid, and long term remedial measures are recommended. The results are presented in the form of an interactive map using Google Earth and VBA based dynamic database. It was found that the overall quality of water is generally acceptable for drinking. However, the presence of bacteria is an issue in many cases which needs to be resolved. A significant decrease in discharge is observed in the distribution systems away from the source due to leakages and illegal connections. A comprehensive overhaul of both management and infrastructure is required for sustainable and satisfactory level of services.

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“…In our study area, 38% of samples exceeded the permissible limits. The presence of organic matter in the aquifer that is oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, promoting mineral dissolution, is one cause of bicarbonate (El Maghraby, 2014;Jehan et al, 2019;Rashid et al, 2020b).…”

Section: Groundwater Quality and Hydrochemical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many elements are capable of influencing human health, including main, minor, and trace elements, either by excessive intake or deficiency (Alam and Umar, 2013;Ali et al, 2019). As a result, water resource management requires a basic understanding of groundwater chemistry control procedures (Jehan et al, 2019;Sivapalan et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeochemical evolution processes and evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural utility in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Iqbal¹,

Su²

2021

Preprint

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Groundwater is a vital resource for human life and economic growth. In the Khanewal district of Punjab, Pakistan, environmental changes, and anthropogenic activities have made groundwater extremely vulnerable in the past forty years. Sixty-eight groundwater samples were collected from the study area, major ions and trace elements were analyzed. The Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis were used to identify the major factors influencing groundwater quality, as well as to assess its suitability for drinking and irrigation in southern Punjab. The aquifers are slightly acidic to alkaline, according to the pH (6.9–9.2) of groundwater. Significant cations are distributed as follows: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, while anions are distributed as HCO3− > SO42− > Cl−. The main hydrochemical facies are mixed Na·Ca-HCO3 and Na·Ca (Mg)-HCO3·SO4. Rock weathering processes, such as the dissolution of calcite, dolomite, and gypsum minerals, governed groundwater hydrochemistry. The water quality index (WQI) indicates that 17.64% of the water samples are unsuitable to drink. However, according to the Wilcox diagram, the USSL diagram, and some other agricultural indices, approximately 68% of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation.

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Hydrochemical properties of drinking water and their sources apportionment of pollution in Bajaur agency, Pakistan

Cited by 63 publications

References 29 publications

Evaluation of the Swat River, Northern Pakistan, water quality using multivariate statistical techniques and water quality index (WQI) model

Evaluation of the Swat River, Northern Pakistan, water quality using multivariate statistical techniques and water quality index (WQI) model

Rapid Performance Evaluation of Water Supply Services for Strategic Planning

Hydrogeochemical evolution processes and evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural utility in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

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