Hydrocracking in Petroleum Processing

Bricker, Maureen; Thakkar, Vasant; Petri, John

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05545-9_3-1

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Twenty-four vacuum gasoil (VGO) samples were processed in the catalytic conversion pilot plant reactors at IFPEN (Solaize, France). From these reactors, ninety-three different hydrocarbon samples, known as total effluent, were obtained (see references 34,35 for a detailed description of catalytic conversion processes). From these 93 samples, 7 samples were selected, ensuring their representativeness and physicochemical diversity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel methodology for determining effectiveness of preprocessing methods in reducing undesired spectral variability in near infrared spectra

Garcia

Gornay

Lacoue-Nègre

et al. 2022

Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy

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This study uses a novel analysis methodology based on the Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) to determine the effectiveness of different preprocessing methods in minimizing undesired spectral variability in near infrared spectroscopy due to both the consecutive and repetitive acquisition of the spectrum and the sample temperature. Nine preprocessing methods and different combinations of them were evaluated in four case studies: reproducibility, repeatability, sample temperature, and combination of the before mentioned cases. Eighty-four spectra acquired on seven different hydrocarbon samples from catalytic conversion processes have been selected as the real case study to illustrate the potential of the mentioned methodology. The approach proposed allows a more detailed discriminatory analysis compared to the classical methods for comparing the between-class and the within-class variances, such as the Wilks’ lambda criterion, and hence constitutes a powerful tool to determine adequate spectral preprocessing strategies. This study also proves the potential of the discrimination analysis methodology as a general scheme to identify atypical behaviors either in the spectrum acquisition or in the measured samples.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel methodology for determining effectiveness of preprocessing methods in reducing undesired spectral variability in near infrared spectra

Garcia

Gornay

Lacoue-Nègre

et al. 2022

Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy

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“…The estimation of the design variables can be formulated as an optimization problem (eq ) to determine them as such to achieve optimal operation of the hydrocracking unit; they are defined as follows: the amount of residual VGO needs to be minimized, improving feedstock conversion; the amount of diesel produced needs to be maximized; the maximum temperature of the reactor should be lower than 410 °C to prevent catalyst deactivation and thermal runaway; for the same reasons, the maximum temperature increase on one catalyst layer should be under 50 °C …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainties of Lumped Reaction Networks in Reactor Design

Till

Chován

Varga

2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The so-called lumped reaction networks are extensively used to model complex processes such as hydrocracking. Despite this, studies on the further applicability of these networks during a reactor scale-up and design are notably sparser. The application of a lumped reaction network to solve such problems requires dealing with a wide range of uncertainties, for example, reaction kinetics, the heat of reaction, or pseudocomponent densities. In this work, the design procedure of a trickle-bed hydrocracking reactor with multiple catalyst layers is carried out using a few-step lumped reaction network. The uncertain parameters are considered in a stochastic objective function using uniform probability distributions. Moreover, we extend this approach to catalyst deactivation as well, pointing out that this phenomenon can also be interpreted as a form of uncertainty, instead of estimating the activity using more complex and resource-intensive dynamic simulations. The results obtained by the application of the stochastic design method are compared to the performance of the conventional model-based design as well. An improved test of robustness is applied to evaluate the performance of the reactors under various uncertain conditions. The results indicate that the application of the suggested methods can simplify the structure of the hydrocracking reactor. For example, a fewer number of catalyst layers will be required while retaining the robustness of the reactor at the same time.

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“…A hydrocracking unit consists of a furnace, a reactor section, and a fractionation section. The hydrocracking process can either be a one- or two-stage process with or without recycling Figure shows configurations of the one- and two-stages hydrocracking with recycling.…”

Section: Cracking Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The process uses hydrogen gas at high pressure (103−138 bar) and high temperature (288−385 °C), and a catalyst. 16 Hydrocracking is used for the upgrading of a large variety of petroleum fractions. The addition of hydrogen improves the ratio of hydrogen to carbon, removes impurities like sulfur, and limits the coke deposition on the catalyst.…”

Section: ■ Cracking Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Electric Cracking of Hydrocarbons

Tijani

Zondag

Delft

2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The cracking of hydrocarbons is a highly energyintensive process with large CO 2 emissions. Industrial steam crackers use gas-fired furnaces, which produce a global CO 2 emission of about 366 Mt/year. Modern crackers have been improved through the years to increase performance and reduce greenhouse emissions. However, the improvements are limited, and the required future CO 2 emission reductions cannot be achieved with the present designs. Electrification is a promising option to make cracking processes more sustainable, especially if renewable electricity is used. Electric heating will result in energy savings as flue gas losses are avoided, while CO 2 emissions will be reduced radically if renewable electricity is used. This paper evaluates the current state of electric cracking and identifies potential electric heating technologies for the electrification of cracking processes. Various electric heating technologies are reviewed, an extensive literature search is conducted on their application in cracking processes, and industrial applications of electric cracking are compiled. The study shows that resistance (Ohmic) heating is a promising electric heating technology for steam cracking of naphtha. The technology is relatively easy to scale up and can be used to retrofit existing crackers. The cost of electric cracking is expected to be higher than conventional cracking, mainly due to the current electricity price being higher than the gas price. However, the cost of naphtha represents about 80% of the ethylene production cost, so possible selectivity improvements could reduce the overall cost through lower feedstock consumption. The electrification of the cracking processes can be stimulated by guaranteeing sufficient availability of renewable electricity and by introducing a CO 2 tax.

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Hydrocracking in Petroleum Processing

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

A novel methodology for determining effectiveness of preprocessing methods in reducing undesired spectral variability in near infrared spectra

A novel methodology for determining effectiveness of preprocessing methods in reducing undesired spectral variability in near infrared spectra

Uncertainties of Lumped Reaction Networks in Reactor Design

Review of Electric Cracking of Hydrocarbons

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