Hydrocracking of Jatropha Oil over non-sulfided PTA-NiMo/ZSM-5 Catalyst

Abstract

The PTA-NiMo/ZSM-5 catalyst impregnated with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) was designed for the transformation of Jatropha oil into benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) aromatics. The produced catalyst was characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD). The catalytic performance was evaluated by gas chromatography (GC). The liquid products were 70 wt% of the feed oil, and the majority of the liquid products were BTX. The aromatization activity of the catalyst was improved by the addition of PTA and the hierarchical process. The favorable PTA amount was 20 wt% and the yield of BTX was 59 wt% at 380 °C, 3 MPa, H2/oil (v/v) = 1000 and LHSV = 1 h−1 over the PTA20-NiMo/HZ0.5 catalyst (PTA 20 wt%) without sulfurization.

Highly Selective Hierarchical ZnO/ZSM-5 Catalysts for Propane Aromatization

“…The aromatic products tend to be retained in the microporous domains of the catalyst, which prolongs the residence time, thereby resulting in the formation of gaseous products due to cracking. 14,32,33 However, with respect to individual aromatic products, the best performing catalyst, ZnO/ZSM-5(0.3 M), depicts a lesser crystalline material (Figure 1), exhibiting a wider pore size of 5.52 nm and a relatively lower surface area of 273 m 2 /g (Table 1), which dropped by 29% as compared with the reference material, likewise had its highest selectivity toward toluene, benzene, and m-xylene products with 33.3, 13.4, and 12.8%, respectively. ZnO/ZSM-5(0.1 M) was relatively crystalline, portraying 4.59 nm pore width and an abnormal drop in total surface area by 34% (255 m 2 /g) as compared to the reference catalyst.…”

Catalytic Cracking of Biomass-Derived Hydrocarbon Tars or Model Compounds To Form Biobased Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene Isomer Mixtures

“…Now, benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) aromatics have an increasing number of industrial applications where benzene is primarily used for production of ethylbenzene, cumene, cyclohexane, nitrobenzene, alkylbenzene, chlorobenzenes, styrene, phenol, nylon, etc . Toluene is used for gasoline blending for its octane number boosting and for production of nitrotoluenes, solvents, toluene diisocyanate, explosives, dyes, etc . Xylenes can either be applied in refinery streams for gasoline blending or can be separated into o -xylene, p -xylene, and m -xylene isomers or converted to other chemicals such as phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, polyesters, alkyd resins, etc.…”

“…35 Toluene is used for gasoline blending for its octane number boosting and for production of nitrotoluenes, solvents, toluene diisocyanate, explosives, dyes, etc. 36 Xylenes can either be applied in refinery streams for gasoline blending or can be separated into o-xylene, p-xylene, and m-xylene isomers or converted to other chemicals such as phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, polyesters, alkyd resins, etc. According to Omran et al, 37 in 2017 the global prices were as follow: benzene, $1.30/kg; toluene, $1.27/kg; p-xylene, $1.53/kg, and mixed xylenes, $1.30/kg.…”

Athmospheric Hydrocracking of Jatropha Oil Using Woodchar Catalyst

“…Some researchers have reported hydro-cracking of Jatropha oil using metal catalyst. Yang et al (2017) use PTA-NiMo/ZSM-5 catalyst with 30 bar of pressure. Liu et al (2013) was studied Ni-HPW/Al2O3 catalyst to transform Jatropha oil to primarily C15-C18 alkanes with operating pressure condition is 33 bar.…”