Hydrodeoxygenation of Vegetable Oil in a Trickle Bed Reactor for Renewable Diesel Production

Entrapped lipase derived from Candida rugosa can be used as an alternative for commercial heterogeneous catalysts in the biodiesel synthesis process. The inclination towards a recirculating reactor with lipase-containing beds stems from its capability to simultaneously improve both yield and reproducibility in the biodiesel synthesis process. To industrialize biodiesel production with entrapped lipase in a recirculating reactor, optimization is essential, and this can be estimated using a kinetics model. In this context, a kinetics model based on the Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism was developed for enzyme transesterification. Following this, experiments on biodiesel synthesis were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor with a recirculated substrate, and a biodiesel concentration of 2177.231 mol/m 3 was achieved from 917.804 mol/m 3 triglyceride. In this study, 3 models, namely Model 1, 2, and 3, were developed based on the Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism, and each has assumptions that determine its complexity. To validate these models, two sets of secondary data were taken and fitted into the respective model. The sum relative error is used to express the differences between model and experimental data. Model 1, predicting each component in transesterification, exhibited the highest error of 1.64, while Model 3, assuming excess alcohol and incorporating a pseudo-steady-state for di-and monoglyceride, yielded the lowest error. Despite these variations, every model demonstrated good agreement in following each component profile accurately, providing a more precise description of the reaction elements.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Kinetic Model of Enzymatic Biodiesel Production in a Recirculating Fixed Bed Reactor

Soetandar,

Hidayatullah,

Utami

et al. 2024

“…Therefore, further research is required to develop green diesel with free-oxygen and n-paraffin (CxHy) components with cetane numbers approaching 100. In addition, diesel-range alkanes are obtained as the final products with high stability and eco-friendly (Alvarez-galvan et al, 2019;Chen et al, 2018;Muharam & Soedarsono, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Catalyst based on Nickel Modified into Indonesian Natural Zeolite in Green Diesel Production from Crude Palm Oil

Prihadiyono¹,

Lestari²,

Putra³

et al. 2022

Green diesel is an alternative renewable and environmentally friendly fuel in the transportation sector. This study aimed to modify Indonesian natural zeolite (NZ) with nickel and apply it as a catalyst in green diesel production from crude palm oil (CPO). The materials were prepared with different Ni content of 3, 5, and 10 wt.% and characterized in detail using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Fourier Transform infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). Catalytic tests were performed in a batch reactor at a temperature of 375 °C and a pressure of 12 bar for 2 hours. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to determine the liquid product. Based on XRD analysis, the crystallinity of materials tends to decrease after being modified with Ni. Concomitantly, the presence of Ni was indicated by new peaks with increasing intensity at 2θ = 44°, 55°, and 76°. SEM analysis shows morphological changes in materials with decreasing particle sizes. The presence of Ni is also known by the presence of small spheres scattered in the material and black shades observed in TEM analysis. Based on IUPAC, the resulting isotherm graph is categorized as type I with type IV loop hysteresis and classified as micropore with an average pore size is <2 nm. The highest activity and selectivity on C15 were achieved up to 77.34% and 53.11% when 3% of Ni modified NZ was applied as Catalyst compared to NZ, and other Ni modified NZ.

“…Fatty acids derived from animals and plants can be converted into hydrocarbons through the process of cracking (Nasikin et al, 2009), deoxygenation (Susanto et al, 2016;Muharam & Soedarsono, 2020), decarboxylation (Wu et al, 2016). Using catalysts, and decarbonylation (Dawes et al, 2015) to gasoline, kerosene, and diesel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Conversion of Beef Tallow to Biofuels using MgO Nanoparticles Green Synthesized by Zingiber officinale Roscoe Rhizome Extract

Riyadhi¹,

Yulizar²,

Susanto³

2022

MgO nanoparticles (MgONPs) have been successfully synthesized using ZOE (Zingiber officinale Roscoe extract in water) and applied for catalytic conversion of beef tallow to biogasoline, kerosene, and diesel. ZOE was used due to containing the alkaloid as a weak base source to hydrolyze Mg(NO3)2 precursor and form the MgONPs. The synthesized MgONPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer (PSA), Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) surface areas. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry (DRS), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalyst activity was performed to convert beef tallow to biofuel in the stainless-steel reactors at 300 ᵒC for 60 min. The conversion results of beef tallow were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The beef tallow conversion shows that all fatty acids derived from beef tallow are converted to gases and liquids fractions. The conversion using a catalyst to feed weight ratio of 4 wt. % produced the liquid fractions containing the dominant alkanes (62.85%) and cyclic compounds (18.77%). Pentadecane and Heptadecane are liquid products' main compounds, indicating a decarboxylation reaction.