“…Although no protective ingredients are included in its formulation, hydrodynamic delivery can act as an effective carrier, not only of DNA [33,114,124,132,136,137,143,171] but also of other materials, including RNA and proteins, because rapid injection of a large volume of solution physically pushes away preexisting blood components, including nucleases, and brings nucleic acids or proteins directly into the cell interior within a short period of time. Since the establishment of the concept of RNA interference to suppress gene expression, there have been reports of the effective hydrodynamic delivery of various types of RNA, including microRNA [47,150,152,[188][189][190][191], circular RNA [126], short hairpin RNA [94,192,193], and small interfering RNA (siRNA) [87,[194][195][196]. Hydrodynamic delivery can also extrude cells from blood vessels and, thus, offers a simple and easy way to develop animal models for metastatic diseases [118] (Table 3).…”