Hydrogels in Hand Sanitizers

Villa, Carla; Russo, Eleonora

doi:10.3390/ma14071577

Cited by 36 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…It has become so popular that, at least in developed countries, almost all stores, schools, hospitals, and workplaces carry these hand hygiene products to prevent the acquisition and transmission of infections (38,40). Hand hygiene products typically contain bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal products, as well as alcohol and non-alcohol detergents, but some manufacturers add antimicrobial compounds to make the product more effective against pathogens (41). These chemicals, like hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite, peroxyacetic acid, and chlorine dioxide may penetrate soil systems and damage native biota.…”

Section: Impact Of Covid-19 On the Release Of Antimicrobials Into The...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Resistance in the COVID-19 Landscape: Is There an Opportunity for Anti-Infective Antibodies and Antimicrobial Peptides?

et al. 2022

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Although COVID-19 has captured most of the public health attention, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has not disappeared. To prevent the escape of resistant microorganisms in animals or environmental reservoirs a “one health approach” is desirable. In this context of COVID-19, AMR has probably been affected by the inappropriate or over-use of antibiotics. The increased use of antimicrobials and biocides for disinfection may have enhanced the prevalence of AMR. Antibiotics have been used empirically in patients with COVID-19 to avoid or prevent bacterial coinfection or superinfections. On the other hand, the measures to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 could have reduced the risk of the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Since we do not currently have a sterilizing vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the virus may still multiply in the organism and new mutations may occur. As a consequence, there is a risk of the appearance of new variants. Nature-derived anti-infective agents, such as antibodies and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are very promising in the fight against infectious diseases, because they are less likely to develop resistance, even though further investigation is still required.

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Section: Impact Of Covid-19 On the Release Of Antimicrobials Into The...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Resistance in the COVID-19 Landscape: Is There an Opportunity for Anti-Infective Antibodies and Antimicrobial Peptides?

et al. 2022

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“…Lower percentages of inhibition (73.8% to 89.9%) were determined on hydroalcoholic products sold in Benin [4]. The concentration of alcohol used in the preparation of hydroalcoholic products plays a very important role in its ability to inhibit microorganisms in the hands [11,12]. All hydroalcoholic products must contain alcohol such as ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol or a combination of these [13,14].…”

Section: Hand-carried Flora Of the Hands Before And After Rubbing Hydroalcoholic Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of hydroalcoholic hands products sold in Côte d’Ivoire during covid-19

Sika¹,

Ollo²,

Tiekoura³

et al. 2021

GSC Biol. and Pharm. Sci.

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In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, hydroalcoholic products are widely used for hand disinfection. Côte d'Ivoire has also opted for this barrier measure. Ivorian markets and supermarkets have been filled with new hydroalcoholic products of various compositions and colors, certified or not by the Ivorian standardization agency. It was important to verify the antimicrobial efficacy of these hydroalcoholic products. To do this, we tested 16 hydroalcoholic products collected from supermarkets in Abidjan. The microbial load on the hands of 144 volunteers was determined before and after hand rubbing. These hydroalcoholic products were also tested for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis; and antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium chrysogenum. The results of this study showed that hydroalcoholic products tested significantly reduced the microbial load on the hands after friction. The germ inhibition rate was between 94.99 and 99.97%. Of the 16 hydroalcoholic products, only 3 showed antibacterial and antifungal activity on all indicator strains. In contrast, 4 showed no antibacterial and antifungal activity on these strains. The low efficacy of hydroalcoholic products tested in vitro is an indicator of the lack of quality control of these products. Some of them could not therefore guarantee the health security of the populations.

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“…More recently, Villa and Russo ( 2021 ) have reviewed the most commonly used polymeric thickeners. They compiled a list of alcohol-based hydrogel formulations based on suppliers’ information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological design of thickened alcohol-based hand rubs

et al. 2022

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The handleability and sensory perception of hand sanitisers by consumers affect the hygiene outcome. Spillage may result in under-dosing and poor sensory properties can lead to under-utilisation. We first propose four principles (low runoff, spreadability, smoothness and non-stickiness) for designing the rheology of thickened alcohol-based hand rubs with acceptable handleability and hand feel. We then evaluate a commercial hand gel and a variety of simplified formulations thickened with microgels (Carbopol 974P, Carbopol Ultrez 20 and Sepimax Zen), or linear polymers (Jaguar HP 120 COS), and evaluate them against these design criteria. All four additives provide acceptable spreadability by shear thinning to $$\eta \approx {10^{-1}\,\mathrm{\text {Pa}\text { s}}}$$ η ≈ 10 - 1 Pa s at $$\dot{\gamma }\sim {10^3\,\mathrm{\text {s}^{-1}}}$$ γ ˙ ∼ 10 3 s - 1 . Either the finite yield stress conferred by the microgels ($$\sigma _y \gtrsim {10\,\mathrm{\text {Pa}}}$$ σ y ≳ 10 Pa ) or the increase in low-shear viscosity provided by the linear polymer ($$\eta \gtrsim {1\,\mathrm{\text {Pa}\text { s}}}$$ η ≳ 1 Pa s at $$\dot{\gamma }\lesssim {0.1\,\mathrm{\text {s}^{-1}}}$$ γ ˙ ≲ 0.1 s - 1 ) give rise to acceptably low runoff. However, the formulation using the linear polymer shows a filament breakage time of $$\tau _\mathrm{b} \approx {1\,\mathrm{\text {s}}}$$ τ b ≈ 1 s in capillary rheology, which may result in stickiness and therefore a less than optimal hand feel.

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Hydrogels in Hand Sanitizers

Cited by 36 publications

References 86 publications

Antimicrobial Resistance in the COVID-19 Landscape: Is There an Opportunity for Anti-Infective Antibodies and Antimicrobial Peptides?

Antimicrobial Resistance in the COVID-19 Landscape: Is There an Opportunity for Anti-Infective Antibodies and Antimicrobial Peptides?

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of hydroalcoholic hands products sold in Côte d’Ivoire during covid-19

Rheological design of thickened alcohol-based hand rubs

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