Hydrogels with incorporated graphene oxide as light‐addressable actuator materials for cell culture environments in lab‐on‐chip systems

Breuer, Lars; Raue, M.; Strobel, Matthias; Mang, Thomas S.; Schöning, Michael J.; Thoelen, Ronald; Wagner, Torsten

doi:10.1002/pssa.201533056

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The most commonly used approach to program light responsiveness into materials involves the incorporation of azobenzene‐containing polymers largely because the synthesis to prepare the photoresponsive switches is relatively straightforward and the trans ‐to‐ cis photoisomerization that occurs upon absorption of ultraviolet (UV) light is well known. Similarly, spiropyrans have been investigated in light‐responsive hydrogel actuators, as well as other light‐absorbing materials that employ gold and graphene oxide nanoparticles. More recently, light‐responsive olefin‐based molecular motors in gels have been shown to undergo unidirectional motion when irradiated with UV light at room temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoredox‐Based Actuation of an Artificial Molecular Muscle

Liles

Greene

Danielson

et al. 2018

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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The use of light to actuate materials is advantageous because it represents a cost-effective and operationally straightforward way to introduce energy into a stimuli-responsive system. Common strategies for photoinduced actuation of materials typically rely on light irradiation to isomerize azobenzene or spiropyran derivatives, or to induce unidirectional rotation of molecular motors incorporated into a 3D polymer network. Although interest in photoredox catalysis has risen exponentially in the past decade, there are far fewer examples where photoinduced electron transfer (PET) processes are employed to actuate materials. Here, a novel mode of actuation in a series of redox-responsive hydrogels doped with a visible-light-absorbing ruthenium-based photocatalyst is reported. The hydrogels are composed primarily of polyethylene glycol and low molar concentrations of a unimolecular electroactive polyviologen that is activated through a PET mechanism. The rate and degree of contraction of the hydrogels are measured over several hours while irradiating with blue light. Likewise, the change in mechanical properties-determined through oscillatory shear rheology experiments-is assessed as a function of polyviologen concentration. Finally, an artificial molecular muscle is fabricated using the best-performing hydrogel composition, and its ability to perform work, while irradiated, is demonstrated by lifting a small weight.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoredox‐Based Actuation of an Artificial Molecular Muscle

Liles

Greene

Danielson

et al. 2018

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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“…To achieve a light-controllable material, the hydrogels were modified with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles to enhance the light absorption in the visible range. In contrast to pure hydrogels, the hydrogels with GO can be stimulated spatially resolved by illumination depending on the position and geometry of the light beam [6,7]. This light-responsive hydrogels can be applied to realize light-driven valves.…”

Section: Experimental and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light-Stimulated Hydrogels with Incorporated Graphene Oxide as Actuator Material for Flow Control in Microfluidic Applications

Breuer

Guthmann

Schöning

et al. 2017

Proceedings of Eurosensors 2017, Paris, France, 3–6 September 2017

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Temperature-responsive Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm) hydrogels were modified with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles to increase the light absorption significantly and these gels can be heated and stimulated optothermically. These light-responsive hydrogels are promising candidates as actuator material for microfluidic applications. For demonstration, the hydrogels were tested as light-driven valves for the active flow control within microfluidic channels by monitoring the pressure and flow for different operation states.

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“…The cytotoxicity of rGO/PNIPAM hydrogel was studied using the extraction method inspired by L. Breuer et al [43] Here, mouse myoblast line C2C12 cells were cultured in L-DMEM with 10% FBS, 1% pen-strep in a CO 2 incubator at 37 C and with 5% CO 2 .…”

Section: Cytotoxicity Tests Of Rgo/pnipam Hydrogelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of biocompatible bilayered light‐driven actuator composed of rGO/PNIPAM and PEGDA hydrogel

Yang

Zhang

Sun

2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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To construct an actuator with biocompatibility and potential use in biomedicine field, a light‐driven actuator composed of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/poly (N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) and poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel is constructed. First, rGO/PNIPAM hydrogel is prepared by free radical polymerization and l‐ascorbic acid reduction, of which the surface temperature increases quickly under near‐infrared (NIR) laser indicating the efficient photothermal conversion of rGO. The results of cytotoxicity tests demonstrate that rGO/PNIPAM is biocompatible and has no obvious toxicity to myoblast line C2C12 cells. Second, bilayer hydrogel composed of rGO/PNIPAM and PEGDA is prepared using a similar method layer‐by‐layer. The bilayer strip bends towards rGO/PNIPAM under NIR laser. The bending is improved after reduction. The laser power density has a strong impact on the bending rate and degree. The reversible bending deformation indicates the structural stability. All the above results approve that the bilayer actuator has great potential to be applied in biomedicine fields such as organ‐on‐chip, drug‐carrier, or surgical aid.

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Hydrogels with incorporated graphene oxide as light‐addressable actuator materials for cell culture environments in lab‐on‐chip systems

Cited by 10 publications

References 30 publications

Photoredox‐Based Actuation of an Artificial Molecular Muscle

Photoredox‐Based Actuation of an Artificial Molecular Muscle

Light-Stimulated Hydrogels with Incorporated Graphene Oxide as Actuator Material for Flow Control in Microfluidic Applications

Construction of biocompatible bilayered light‐driven actuator composed of rGO/PNIPAM and PEGDA hydrogel

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