Hydrogen

High hydrogen release by cryo-adsorption and compression on porous materials

“…This means that a volume of about 13 L is needed to store 1 kg of hydrogen, compared to the 23.3 L used to store 1 kg of hydrogen gas at 70 MPa. The production of liquid hydrogen requires a large amount of energy, which accounts for slightly more than 30% of the chemical energy of hydrogen [50]. This is because the liquefaction of hydrogen is an exothermic process that involves the gradual conversion of ortho-hydrogen, ο-H 2 , to para-hydrogen, p-H 2 [51].…”

Evaluation of the potential use of e-fuels in the European aviation sector: a comprehensive economic and environmental assessment including externalities

“…60 We disregarded the environmental impacts associated with the manufacturing of the PEMEL since their contribution to the total impacts was found to be low. 61–63…”

Green Hydrogen: Resources Consumption, Technological Maturity, and Regulatory Framework

“…8 [35,109,110] 8-9 [111][112][113][114][115] 9 [116] Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (AEM-FC) 4 [109,[117][118][119] Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) 8-9 [109,115,119] Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC *) 5-6 [109,120] Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 8-9 [109,121] Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) 8-9 [109,114,122] Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 4-7 [109,123] Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines (H 2 ICE) ≤7 [124,125] ≤8 [126] Refineries Hydrotreating (HT) 7-9 [34] Crude oil refining (COR) 9 [34] Iron and steel Hydrogen direct reduced ironmaking (H 2 DRI) 8 [34] *: Although DMFC uses methanol as fuel instead of hydrogen, this FC has been included because methanol can be used, in turn, as a method to store hydrogen in the form of an LOHC [127].…”