Hydrogen assisted cracking in C-Mn and low alloy steel weldments

Yurioka, Nobutaka; Suzuki, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1179/imr.1990.35.1.217

Cited by 86 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…During welding, adequate heat control (heat input, preheat and interpass temperature) is essential to achieve the required mechanical properties in the welded joint. In case of inappropriate welding processing a local crack-critical microstructure with high hardness, locally increased stresses or strains and locally increased diffusible hydrogen concentrations can cause hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) or in the weld metal [7]. The fundamental mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement are extensively reported by Lynch [8] and Djukic et al [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in GMA Welding of High-Strength Structural Steel—A New Look into This Issue at Narrow Groove

Schaupp

Schroëder

Schroepfer

et al. 2021

Metals

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Modern arc processes, such as the modified spray arc (Mod. SA), have been developed for gas metal arc welding of high-strength structural steels with which even narrow weld seams can be welded. High-strength joints are subjected to increasingly stringent requirements in terms of welding processing and the resulting component performance. In the present work, this challenge is to be met by clarifying the influences on hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) in a high-strength structural steel S960QL. Adapted samples analogous to the self-restraint TEKKEN test are used and analyzed with respect to crack formation, microstructure, diffusible hydrogen concentration and residual stresses. The variation of the seam opening angle of the test seams is between 30° and 60°. To prevent HAC, the effectiveness of a dehydrogenation heat treatment (DHT) from the welding heat is investigated. As a result, the weld metals produced at reduced weld opening angle show slightly higher hydrogen concentrations on average. In addition, increased micro- as well as macro-crack formation can be observed on these weld metal samples. On all samples without DHT, cracks in the root notch occur due to HAC, which can be prevented by DHT immediately after welding.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in GMA Welding of High-Strength Structural Steel—A New Look into This Issue at Narrow Groove

Schaupp

Schroëder

Schroepfer

et al. 2021

Metals

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“…Its dissolved molecules in the weld bead present a tendency to accumulate in the existent crystalline defects in brittle microstructures such as martensite and bainite, very common in welded components [3]. Regarding the tensile stresses, even though they may arise from mechanical solicitations in service, welding residual stresses are also likely to cause the problem as they are the first to act in the component after the welding [4,5], therefore, playing an important role in the HIC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical-experimental analysis of a modified G-BOP test to evaluate cracks in weld beads in thin sheets

Duarte

Pereira

Gomes

et al. 2021

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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One of the most critical problems related to welding is the occurrence of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking (HIC), and despite all the efforts made to mitigate this defect, it remains present in modern welding industry. Although the Gapped Bead-on-Plate (G-BOP) test is one of the most practical methods for assessing susceptibility to HIC, its application is restricted by the fact that it employs a thick plate as the base metal. Considering that many materials, such as the High-Strength-Low-Alloy (HSLA) steels, are difficult to find commercially in the required thickness, and also the fundamental need to appropriately represent the relationship between base and weld metals, da Silva, Fals and Trevisan [7] developed a modified G-BOP test that uses a thinner sheet as the base metal. Thus, the present paper aims to evaluate the ability of the Finite Element Method (FEM) to represent the thermomechanical aspects of the G-BOP test, and then to analyze the modified version proposed by [7] using a numerical-experimental approach with the FEM as a support tool in the investigation of HIC phenomena. The results, in addition to consolidating the modified version of

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“…The strains ( , , ) convert to the three-dimensional stress ( , , ) state by using the generalised Hooke's law [5]. Measurement of residual stresses were performed using the KOWARI instrument with neutron diffraction for the α-Fe (2 1 1) reflection using a nominal gauge volume of 2x2x2 mm 3 . SScanSS virtual laboratory software was used in experimental design to determine the optimum sample orientations to minimise path length and hence count times during measurements.…”

Section: Neutron Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A total of 14 measurement points were used at 2 mm intervals to cover a total range in the transverse direction of ±10 mm from the weld centreline. Unstrained (d-zero) measurements were performed using reference cubes (6x6x6 3 ) from the weld and parent metal. Further details of the neutron diffraction analysis to evaluate the residual stresses during welding are given in the published works of [8,9].…”

Section: Neutron Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Welding Institute of Canada (WIC) test was developed more than 30 years ago to provide a simple and economical way for the assessment of weldability and risk of hydrogen assisted cold cracking. Over the past three decades it was extensively utilised by the industry to qualify pipeline welding procedures [2][3][4][5]. However, the geometry of WIC test has some shortcomings associated with the difficulty for instrumentation of the WIC for the physical measurements of strain and temperature distribution during welding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Investigation of Welding Stresses in MWIC Weldability Test

Alipooramirabad

Paradowska

Ghomashchi

et al. 2016

Residual Stresses 2016

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Abstract. The use of high-strength steels in the manufacture of energy pipelines, coupled with the transition to larger pipe diameters and greater wall thicknesses, has led to an increased potential for cracking including hydrogen assisted cracking of energy pipelines due to higher constraint induced stresses. In the present study, a modified version of the Welding Institute of Canada (MWIC) restraint test was used to simulate the constraint conditions of full-scale girth welds on energy pipelines, allowing the influence of welding process parameters on crack formation to be assessed. MWIC test samples of X70 grade high-strength low alloy pipeline steel were manually welded using two different welding processes, namely shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and modified short-arc welding (MSAW). Residual strains, and hence stresses, in these samples were analysed quantitatively using neutron diffraction technique. Overall, results indicate that the modified WIC restraint test produces significant residual stresses and so is effective in constraining the root run and in consequence studying the hydrogen assisted cracking of high-strength pipeline steels.

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Hydrogen assisted cracking in C-Mn and low alloy steel weldments

Cited by 86 publications

References 25 publications

Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in GMA Welding of High-Strength Structural Steel—A New Look into This Issue at Narrow Groove

Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in GMA Welding of High-Strength Structural Steel—A New Look into This Issue at Narrow Groove

Numerical-experimental analysis of a modified G-BOP test to evaluate cracks in weld beads in thin sheets

Experimental Investigation of Welding Stresses in MWIC Weldability Test

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