Solvent effects on the UV–vis spectra of 3-hydroxyflavone
and other structurally related molecules (3-hydroxychromen-4-one,
3-hydroxy-4-pyrone, and 4-pyrone) have been studied by combining time-dependent
density functional theory (TDDFT) and the polarizable continuum method
(PCM). Among the first five excited states of the four considered
molecules, electronic states of n → π* and π →
π* nature appear. In general, the stability of the n →
π* states decreases as the π space becomes larger in such
a way that only for 4-pyrone and 3-hydroxy-4-pyrone are they the first
excited states. In addition, they become less stabilized in ethanol
solution than the ground state, and this causes blueshift transitions
in solution. The opposite trend is found for the π →
π* excited states. They are less energetic with the π-system
size and when passing from gas phase to solution. The solvent shift
also depends strongly on the size of the π systems and on the
formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond; thus, it decreases when
going from 4-pyrone to 3-hydroxyflavone. The performance of the three
versions (cLR, cLR2, and IBSF) of the specific-state PCM
method in predicting transition energies are compared.