“…As a new type of 2D nanomaterial, MXene inherits many advantages of common 2D materials, including large specific surface area and excellent electronic, mechanical, and physicochemical properties ( Huang et al, 2020 ). Besides these properties, researchers have found additional characteristics of MXene that make them appropriate for biomedical applications: 1) at the surface of MXene, there are many functional groups, such as hydroxyl, oxygen or fluorine; this allows researchers to load different substances on the surface of MXene, such as various drugs and hydrophilic macromolecules ( Guo et al, 2022 ; Ye et al, 2022 ; Yu et al, 2022 ); 2) unlike hydrophobic nanomaterials such as graphene, MXene is hydrophilic, which makes it biocompatible ( Klimkevicius et al, 2022 ; Perumal et al, 2022 ); 3) MXene exhibits the characteristics of near-infrared absorption (NIR), which enables its application in photothermal therapy (PTT) and photoacoustic imaging (PTA) fields ( Huang et al, 2020 ). Based on the abovementioned excellent properties of MXene, researchers have used it in various fields such as microbiology, oncology, and tissue engineering ( Du et al, 2022 ; Murali et al, 2021 ; Zhang Z. et al, 2022b ).…”