Hydrogen Chloride Transport and Decay in a Large Apparatus: II. Variables Affecting Hydrogen Chloride Decay

Beitel, JJ; Bertelo, CA; Carroll, WF; Grand, Arthur F.; Hirschler, Marcelo M.; Smith, G. F.

doi:10.1177/073490418700500202

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Thus, further information is necessary in order to understand the results. For example, it is known that the concentration of halogen acid species in a humid environment is not constant over time [16]. Analyses of these species may be critical to the interpretation of the corrosion data.…”

Section: Discussion Of Previous Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Corrosivity of Smoke Using a Laboratory Radiant Combustion/Exposure Apparatus

Grand

1992

Journal of Fire Sciences

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A laboratory radiant combustion/exposure apparatus is being used to evaluate the corrosion of copper test probes due to smoke from burning polymers. This apparatus, which is under consideration as an ASTM standard test method, was developed at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) under contract to the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). Although it was designed for smoke toxicity studies, the significant features of the device make it equally suitable for smoke toxicity and for smoke corrosivity investigations.The ever-increasing uses of computers and other electrical and electronic equipment have made the subject of smoke corrosivity an important one. A relatively small fire could potentially cause corrosion that would cost much more money than the actual fire damage. The increasing dependence on automation makes it even more urgent that the topic of corrosion due to smoke atmospheres be understood.Small specimens are burned under controlled radiant combustion conditions, and the smoke is captured in an enclosed volume. Copper resistance probes are used to evaluate the corrosive properties of the smoke. Some of the variables that are still under consideration in the development of a standard test method include the following: the heat flux level, specimen size, and duration of combustion ; the corrosion probe, its location and orientation; atmospheric conditions such as humidity, and exposure and post-exposure duration. The results from this test method will be valuable in the assessment of the fire hazard of products in use.

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Section: Discussion Of Previous Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Corrosivity of Smoke Using a Laboratory Radiant Combustion/Exposure Apparatus

Grand

1992

Journal of Fire Sciences

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“…The droplet phase was the CarbopolTM/carbon black liquid. There were five experiments (numbers 16,[18][19][20][21] using various pumping times and rates. The Henry's law constant for HCl was regressed, and found to have the value 0.018 (atm).…”

Section: Experiments With a Vertical Chamber No Added Surfaces And Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a transport and decay model for hydrogen chloride to hydrogen chloride generation in the presence of various fluids and surfaces but without poly(vinyl chloride)

Galloway¹,

Hirschler²

1994

Fire and Materials

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In a total of 63 experiments, all of them camed out in a 200 L plastic chamber, a large amount of HCI (800-1000 ml) was injected. In no case was the HCI generated from decomposition of poly(viny1 chloride). The chamber contained a variety of surfaces. Furthermore, various fluids were injected into the chamber together with the HCI. The fluids used were: water, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol/water 50/50 mixture, a model for airborne smoke particulates (and several partial models for such synthetic smoke) and mineral oil. The surfaces used were PMMA, painted gypsum board, ceiling tile and soot. The results showed the efficiency of many of these fluids as sinks for HCI: hydrophilic fluids are good HCI sinks, with water and synthetic smoke being the most effective. A previously developed zone model for HCI transport and decay, contained within the NIST fire model Hazard 1.1 and used most often to investigate HCI formation from PVC combustion or pyrolysis, was used to predict the results of the experiments in this work. The correlation between experimental and predicted atmospheric HCI concentrations was made without fitting any new parameters. The results were excellent. This work shows that the HCI transport and decay model is robust enough to be applied to a number of scenarios where HCI is present, even in the absence of PVC. The model is thus of particular use in fire hazard assessment.

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“…A series of studies was also done to investigate the lifetime of HC1 in a fire atmosphere (47,(58)(59).…”

Section: Decay Of Hclmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on smoke toxicity of vinyl compounds

Hinderer¹,

Hirschler

1989

J. Vinyl Addit. Technol.

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All organic materials burn and give off toxic products. These always include water, carbon dioxide, and the single gas causing the greatest hazard in fires—carbon monoxide (CO). The intrinsic toxicity of the smoke of all combustible materials, including PVC, is very similar in terms of lethality, with very few exceptions. Toxicity of vinyl compounds is due to two major gases: CO and hydrogen chloride (HCI). Since natural combustible materials are not chlorinated, speculation has arisen about the toxicity of HCl and of PVC smoke. Recent studies have shown that it takes similar doses of HCl and CO to kill rats. Furthermore, rats and baboons will tolerate the same levels of HCl. However, mice are much more sensitive than either rats or baboons towards HCl. Baboons are a very good model for humans; therefore, mice will be killed by exposure to much lower HCl levels than those required to kill humans. HCl concentrations in real fires are quite low: HCl decays rapidly by reacting with wall materials such as gypsum, cement, or ceiling tile. It does not, however, react rapidly with plastic or glass walls, which is where toxicity tests are carried out. Therefore PVC smoke is less hazardous in reality than it appears to be from toxicity test results. Since most products have similar intrinsic toxicities, as regards lethality, the real toxicity in a fire is a consequence of the rate of generation of gases. PVC is a difficult polymer to ignite and burns very slowly, so that it will give off less toxic products per unit time than many other common materials and cause lower fire hazard.

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Hydrogen Chloride Transport and Decay in a Large Apparatus: II. Variables Affecting Hydrogen Chloride Decay

Cited by 25 publications

References 23 publications

Evaluation of the Corrosivity of Smoke Using a Laboratory Radiant Combustion/Exposure Apparatus

Evaluation of the Corrosivity of Smoke Using a Laboratory Radiant Combustion/Exposure Apparatus

Application of a transport and decay model for hydrogen chloride to hydrogen chloride generation in the presence of various fluids and surfaces but without poly(vinyl chloride)

Update on smoke toxicity of vinyl compounds

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