Hydrogen Containing Nanofluids in the Spark Engine’s Cylinder Head Cooling System

Abstract

The article is devoted to the following issues: boiling of fluid in the cooling jacket of the engine cylinder head; agents that influenced the thermal conductivity coefficient of nanofluids; behavior of nanoparticles and devices with nanoparticles in the engine’s cylinder head cooling system. The permissible temperature level of internal combustion engines is ensured by intensification of heat transfer in cooling systems due to the change of coolants with “light” and “heavy” nanoparticles. It was established that the introduction of “light” nanoparticles of aluminum oxide into the water in a mass concentration of 0.75% led to an increase in its thermal conductivity coefficient by 60% compared to the base fluid at a coolant temperature of 90 °C, which corresponds to the operating temperature of the engine cooling systems. At the indicated temperature, the base fluid has a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.545 W/(m °С), for nanofluid with particles its value was 0.872 . At the same time, a positive change in the parameters of the nanofluid in the engine cooling system was noted: the average movement speed increased from 0.2 to 2.0 m/s; the average temperature is in the range of 60–90 °C; heat flux density 2 × 102–2 × 106 ; heat transfer coefficient 150–1000 . Growth of the thermal conductivity coefficient of the cooling nanofluid was achieved. This increase is determined by the change in the mass concentration of aluminum oxide nanoparticles in the base fluid. This will make it possible to create coolants with such thermophysical characteristics that are required to ensure intensive heat transfer in cooling systems of engines with various capacities.

Composition, features, problems, and treatment related to cooling fluid – a review

“…The authors of Refs: [4] (TiO 2 /W), [7] (MWCNT, CuO, Al2O3), [24] (Al 2 O 3 /W), [69] (ZnO/W), [84] (SiO 2 ), [93] (Fe-magnetised NPs), [98] (SiC-MWCNTs), [99] (SiO 2 /W), [118] (CaC2/W), [124] (Fe 2 O 3 , CuO/W), [126] [84]. Thus, an increase in the volume fraction above 1%vol highly rises friction leading to higher energy consumption of the pump.…”

Multi-Objective Optimization and Test of a Tractor Drive Motor

“…The modeling setting conditions are as follows: (1) The transition process of current change is ignored. (2) The effect of armature reaction on the air gap magnetic field is not considered. (3) The rotor-induced current effect is neglected.…”

“…Electric tractors have the advantages of zero-emission, no pollution, high energy efficiency, and low noise, which is the direction of the future development and transformation of agricultural power machinery. Tractors with electric motors as the main power unit can simultaneously match a variety of power sources, such as batteries, power grids, generator sets, and other power sources, which can better deal with the shortage of petroleum resources in the future and improve air pollution problems caused by mechanized agricultural production [1,2]. Due to the large number of types of power generation energy, if the proportion of clean energy in the power system is high, the wide application of electric tractors will significantly reduce carbon emissions, which is conducive to the sustainable development of agricultural environment.…”