Hydrogen Cyanamide Induces Budbreak of Peaches and Nectarines Following Inadequate Chilling

Dozier, W. A.; Powell, Arlie A.; Caylor, Arnold; McDaniel, Norman Ronald; Carden, Emmett Lee; McGuire, John A.

doi:10.21273/hortsci.25.12.1573

Cited by 28 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…These measures may include altering orchard management practices and selective planting. For existing orchards, the application of chemicals such as hydrogen cyanamide may effectively break dormancy in insufficiently-chilled peach crops [47], overhead irrigation to encourage evaporative cooling may aid chill accumulation, and orchard management practices such as controlling tree vigor may help to lower the chill needed for successful bud break [48]. For future orchards, site selection with preferential planting in sites with cooler microclimates, such as low-lying cool-air sinks, may provide an opportunity to increase exposure to chilling temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Warming Winters Reduce Chill Accumulation for Peach Production in the Southeastern United States

Parker

Abatzoglou

2019

Climate

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Insufficient winter chill accumulation can detrimentally impact agriculture. Understanding the changing risk of insufficient chill accumulation can guide orchard management and cultivar selection for long-lived perennial crops including peaches. This study quantifies the influence of modeled anthropogenic climate change on observed chill accumulation since 1981 and projected chill accumulation through the mid-21st century, with a focus on principal peach-growing regions in the southeastern United States, and commonly grown peach cultivars with low, moderate, and high chill accumulation requirements. Anthropogenic climate change has reduced winter chill accumulation, increased the probability of winters with low chill accumulation, and increased the likelihood of winters with insufficient chill for commonly grown peach cultivars in the southeastern United States. Climate projections show a continuation of reduced chill accumulation and increased probability of winters with insufficient chill accumulation for cultivars with high chill requirements, with approximately 40% of years by mid-century having insufficient chill in Georgia. The results highlight the importance of inter-annual variability in agro-climate risk assessments and suggest that adaptive measures may be necessary in order to maintain current peach production practices in the region in the coming decades.Climate 2019, 7, 94 2 of 13 able to tolerate cold temperatures. Many perennial crops must be exposed to a certain amount of cold temperatures, or chill, during this period of dormancy to continue their development in the spring [6]. Peach cultivation is governed by a number of climatic factors such as cold hardiness, frost tolerance, and sufficient heat accumulation. Peach cultivars are frequently selected based on climatological chill accumulation [7] as insufficient chill accumulation can reduce flower quality, inhibit pollination and fruit development, and lower fruit quality and yield [6,8,9], with subsequent economic impacts to both growers and consumers [10].Observational studies have shown warming in both the mean and extreme cold winter temperatures over the past half century across the US [11][12][13], much of which is consistent with anthropogenic forcing [14] and is expected to continue under climate change [15,16]. The exceptions of observed warming trends are primarily found in the warming hole across parts of the SEUS where winter temperatures cooled and spring onset trended later over the latter half of the 20th century [17,18]. The warming hole is likely a consequence of internal variability of the climate system that has buffered the influence of anthropogenic forcing to date, but is not expected to persist into the coming decades [17]. While it is acknowledged that chill accumulation is only one of many thermal-metrics that might directly impact crop suitability in a changing climate [19], declines in chill accumulation have been observed in some regions [20] and are projected to decline further [21]. Likewise, increases in winter t...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Warming Winters Reduce Chill Accumulation for Peach Production in the Southeastern United States

Parker

Abatzoglou

2019

Climate

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“…at concentrations >0.6 M. However, H 2 CN 2 applied at 0.1 to 0.6 M promoted vegetative growth when accumulated chilling hours were <474 CUs. In contrast, Dozier et al (1990) reported that peach and nectarine trees responded linearly to H 2 CN 2 levels applied on 15 Mar. after 650 CUs, with the highest budbreak at the 2% (0.5 M) rate.…”

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confidence: 87%

“…One characteristic common to most dormancy-breaking treatments is that they are effective only over a narrow range at nearlethal dosages (Erez, 1987;Fuchigami and Nee, 1987). Thus, variable effectiveness in overcoming dormancy and phytotoxicity is commonly encountered (Dozier et al, 1990;Wolak and Couvillon, 1976). Factors that contribute to the variable responses include: time of application (Fuchigami and Nee, 1987;Wolak and Couvillon, 1976), physiological stage of bud development (Fuchigami and Nee, 1987), nutritional status (Terblanche and Strydom, 1973), postapplication temperatures (Erez, 1987) and amount of chilling accumulated (Erez, 1979).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Our study and others (Bracho et al, 1984;Erez, 1987;Fuchigami and Nee, 1987) indicate that the effects of H 2 CN 2 on budbreak and phytotoxicity depend on concentration and timing (physiological stage of the bud). Other researchers have not considered the physiological status of buds, and this may be one of the reasons for the highly variable results in the effectiveness of H 2 CN 2 in overcoming endodormancy (Dozier et al, 1990;Erez, 1987;Wolak and Couvillon, 1977).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen Cyanamide-induced Budbreak and Phytotoxicity in `Redhaven' Peach Buds

Siller-Cepeda¹,

Fuchigami²,

Chen³

1992

HortSci

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The effects of hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2) on budbreak and phytotoxicity of l-year-old potted peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. cv. Redhaven] over a wide range of concentrations at several stages of dormancy were studied. Endodormancy (180° GS; degree growth stage) began on 1 Oct. Maximum intensity of endodormancy (270° GS) was reached after the plants were exposed to 320 chill units on 1 Nov., and 50% of the buds were broken at 860 chill units on 1 Dec. Five concentrations of H2C N2 (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 m) were applied on 1 and 15 Oct., 1 and 15 Nov., and 1 and 15 Dec. 1990. All concentrations promoted budbreak; however, percent budbreak and phytotoxicity depended on concentration and timing of application. The most effective concentration (greatest budbreak and lowest phytotoxicity) was 0.125 m H2CN2 on all treatment dates. Phytotoxicity was evident at all application dates but was greatest at the highest concentrations. Plants were most resistant to H2CN2 at maximum intensity of endodormancy. Hydrogen cyanamide-induced budbreak was highest during the later stages of endodormancy (295 to 315° GS). Treatments applied during the ecodormancy stage (340° GS) inhibited and delayed budbreak and damaged buds and stems. Chemical name used: hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2, Dormex).

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“…And while almond, like most Prunus species, exhibits S -RNase based gametophytic self-incompatibility, peach is selfcompatible (Hedrick et al, 1917;Wellington et al, 1929). Almond and peach also differ for other traits, such as life span (Gradziel, 2011), chilling requirements (Alonso et al, 2005;Dozier et al, 1990;Scorza and Okie, 1991), and adventitious root generation (Kester and Sartori, 1966).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary genomics of peach and almond domestication

Velasco

Aradhya

Ross‐Ibarra³

2016

Preprint

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The domesticated almond [Prunus dulcis (L.) Batsch] and peach [P. persica (Mill.) D. A. Webb] originated on opposite sides of Asia and were independently domesticated 5000 yr ago. While interfertile, they possess alternate mating systems and differ in a number of morphological and physiological traits. Here, we evaluated patterns of genome-wide diversity in both almond and peach to better understand the impacts of mating system, adaptation, and domestication on the evolution of these taxa. Almond has around seven times the genetic diversity of peach, and high genome-wide F ST values support their status as separate species. We estimated a divergence time of 8 MYA (million years ago), coinciding with an active period of uplift in the northeast Tibetan Plateau and subsequent Asian climate change. We see no evidence of a bottleneck during domestication of either species, but identify a number of regions showing signatures of selection during domestication and a significant overlap in candidate regions between peach and almond. While we expected gene expression in fruit to overlap with candidate selected regions, instead we find enrichment for loci highly differentiated between the species, consistent with recent fossil evidence suggesting fruit divergence long preceded domestication. Taken together, this study tells us how closely related tree species evolve and are domesticated, the impact of these events on their genomes, and the utility of genomic information for long-lived species. Further exploration of this data will contribute to the genetic knowledge of these species and provide information regarding targets of selection for breeding application, and further the understanding of evolution in these species.

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Hydrogen Cyanamide Induces Budbreak of Peaches and Nectarines Following Inadequate Chilling

Cited by 28 publications

References 5 publications

Warming Winters Reduce Chill Accumulation for Peach Production in the Southeastern United States

Warming Winters Reduce Chill Accumulation for Peach Production in the Southeastern United States

Hydrogen Cyanamide-induced Budbreak and Phytotoxicity in `Redhaven' Peach Buds

Evolutionary genomics of peach and almond domestication

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