Hydrogen embrittlement of duplex stainless steel in concentrated sodium chloride solution

Chou, Shyan-Liang; Tsai, Wen‐Ta

doi:10.1016/s0254-0584(99)00077-2

Cited by 45 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Extending the cleavage crack from the hydrogen‐embrittled ferrite allows the hydrogen entry into the austenite grain and enhances localized deformation inside the austenite 13 . Many studies reported that ferrite is the more favourable site for cracking and propagation in 2205 DSS 9,14,15 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 Many studies reported that ferrite is the more favourable site for cracking and propagation in 2205 DSS. 9,14,15 In general, corrosive environments have an unfavourable influence on the fatigue behaviour of DSSs. 14,[16][17][18][19] The increased fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) in high purity water or 3.5% NaCl solution is attributed to a hydrogenassisted cleavage of ferrite, whereas the austenite is less affected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen‐enhanced cracking of 2205 duplex stainless steel

Tsay

Young

Shin

et al. 2007

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

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A B S T R A C T Tensile and fatigue crack growth tests of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) were performed in laboratory air, gaseous hydrogen at 0.2 MPa and saturated H 2 S solution. The longitudinal specimen showed a lesser degradation of tensile properties than the transverse ones in saturated H 2 S solution. The orientation of specimens with respect to rolling direction had little influence on the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) of the alloy in air. Furthermore, 2205 duplex stainless steel was susceptible to hydrogen-enhanced fatigue crack growth. Transmission electron micrographs, in addition to X-ray diffraction, revealed that the strain-induced austenite to martensite transformation occurred near the crack surface within a rather narrow depth. Fatigue fractography of the specimens tested in air showed mainly transgranular fatigue fracture with a small amount of flat facet fracture. Furthermore, extensive quasi-cleavage fracture of 2205 duplex stainless steel was associated with the hydrogen-enhanced crack growth.Keywords: duplex stainless steel; fatigue crack growth rate; hydrogen-enhanced crack growth; quasi-cleavage; strain-induced martensite. I N T R O D U C T I O NDuplex stainless steels (DSSs), consisting of approximately equal proportion of austenite (γ ) and ferrite (α) in the microstructure, are known to have better resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) than traditional austenitic stainless steels, especially in chloride containing solutions. Moreover, the high Cr, and Mo content together with N in DSSs, markedly improves the pitting resistance of the alloy compared with austenitic stainless steels. 1,2 Therefore, DSSs have been used extensively in petrochemical and power generation industries, in which H 2 S, CO 2 , and chloride are present. On the other hand, inferior corrosive and mechanical properties of the DSS relative to austenitic stainless steels are reported. The presence of elongated γ embedded in the α matrix, owing to the partition of the alloy element in the hot-rolled plate, leads to the marked anisotropy of mechanical properties. 3 Meanwhile, the banded microstructure in the DSS results in a directional selective corrosion attack. 4 Although powder metallurgy or homogenization treatment at high temperature can reduce the anisotropy, 4 the difference in mechanical and electrochemical properCorrespondence: L. W. Tsay. ties between γ and α phases still has a complicated influence on the environment-assisted crack initiation and propagation. The susceptibility to SCC of the DSS is affected by alloy additions, 2,4 microstructures 4-7 and environments. 8,9 Environment-enhanced cracking of 2205 DSS in acidic 26 wt% NaCl solution at room temperature was strongly dependent on the applied potential. 9 At a high anodic polarization condition, pitting corrosion assists the initiation of SCC in chloride solution. On the other hand, selective dissolution of the ferrite phase is involved in the crack propagation. 10 Under deep cathodic polarization, the pick-up of hydrogen promotes hydrog...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen‐enhanced cracking of 2205 duplex stainless steel

Tsay

Young

Shin

et al. 2007

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

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“…They found that hydrogen embrittlement increased with increasing nickel content in cold worked and a thermally aged alloy at 500 • C. Optical metallographic examination and X-ray diffraction analysis showed substantial structural changes. Hydrogen embrittlement of duplex stainless steel in concentrated sodium chloride solution was studied by Chou and Tsai [2]. A dramatic reduction in ultimate tensile strength and ductility was found, indicating its susceptibility to hydrogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen embrittlement in 0.31% carbon steel used for petrochemical applications

Siddiqui

Abdullah

2005

Journal of Materials Processing Technology

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“…On the other hand, the g phase is more resistant to HE than the a phase in DSSs. 18,19) The lack of g in LW-0 specimens led to an increased HE susceptibility. The NTS of LW-0 specimens decreased from 945 MPa in air to 714 MPa in hydrogen, i.e.…”

Section: Notched Tensile Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Beam Welding of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel with Metal Powder Additions

Tsay

Chen

2004

ISIJ International

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Laser beam welding with the aid of metal powder additions to the weld pool was carried out to modify the ferrite/austenite (a/g) ratio of the weld metal of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS). The a content in the weld metal of DSS welds could be controlled by the proper flow rate of nickel powder through a coaxial nozzle. This process had the advantage of using only a small amount of filler metal, i.e. a few grams per minute of nickel powder, in the welding process. Imapct and notched tensile tests were utilized to evaluate mechanical properties of laser welds. The notched tensile test was also carried out in hydrogen under a slow displacement rate. The susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) was estimated from the loss in notched tensile strength and correlated with the microstructure of a given laser weld. On the whole, the susceptibility to HE decreased with increasing the g content of DSS welds. Autogeneous laser welds containing the highest a content of all welds tested were most susceptible to HE. The base material with banded aϩg structures was susceptible to HE and exhibited severe secondary cracks mainly along a/g phase boundaries. Although laser welds produced at a flow rate of 3 g/min nickel powder had similar a content to the base material, they were more resistant to HE owing to randomly distributed a and g phases in the weld metal. The impact energy of laser welds at low temperatures (Ϫ75 to Ϫ100°C) along with the hardness test could also be used to check if the proper amount of nickel powder was added in laser welding of DSSs.KEY WORDS: laser beam welding; 2205 duplex stainless steel; notched tensile strength; hydrogen embrittlement.fracture separation process, which in turn depends on the microstructure and the hydrogen concentration. 10) In high strength steels, HE and stress corrosion cracking are overlapping processes.11) Hence, the resistance to hydrogen-induced crack becomes an important consideration for DSS welds to be used in hydrogen-containing environments.The purpose of this investigation was to study the microstructure and some mechanical properties of 2205 laser welds produced with the addition of nickel powder to the weld pool. The flow rate of powder was so adjusted to obtain the weld metal having nearly the same a/g ratio as the base material. In addition to the magnetic measurement of a content, impact tests of the welds at low temperatures were also employed to confirm that the proper a/g ratio in the weld metal had been achieved. Notched tensile tests in hydrogen were performed on laser-welded specimens and the results were compared to those of the base material. Experimental ProceduresThe material used in this investigation was the SAF 2205 grade purchased from AVESTA, Sweden in the form of 3.2 mm thick plates. The as-received steel plates consisted of elongated and banded structures of a and g phases. The chemical composition in mass percent was 21.1 Cr, 5.8 Ni, 2.7 Mo, 0.052 C, 1.42 Mn, 0.45 Si, 0.025 P, 0.022 S, 0.02 Cu and balance Fe.Laser welding was carried out usin...

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Hydrogen embrittlement of duplex stainless steel in concentrated sodium chloride solution

Cited by 45 publications

References 8 publications

Hydrogen‐enhanced cracking of 2205 duplex stainless steel

Hydrogen‐enhanced cracking of 2205 duplex stainless steel

Hydrogen embrittlement in 0.31% carbon steel used for petrochemical applications

Laser Beam Welding of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel with Metal Powder Additions

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