Hydrogen Formation from Biomass Model Compounds and Real Biomass by Partial Oxidation in High Temperature High Pressure Water

Abstract

However, the yield of hydrogen was lower than expected and further improvement of the two-step reaction process is required.

Resource Upgrading in Advanced Supercritical Fluid (Supercritical Fluid with Catalyst and Cosolvent): Liquid Fuels from Biomass in Sub and Supercritical Water and Carbohydrate Up-Conversion in Ionic Liquid and Supercritical Fluids Mixtures

“…It has been revealed that hydrolysis of cellulose, which is main component of carbohydrate in biomass, is rapid in sub and supercritical water without additive [34,35]. The hydrolysis product of cellulose, glucose, is converted into furan ring compounds [8][9][10][11][12][13] and further small molecules (including hydrogen gas) in hydrothermal and supercritical water in the presence and absence of catalyst/additive [34,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43].…”

Microwave Apparatus for Kinetic Studies and in-situ Observations in Hydrothermal or High-Pressure Ionic Liquid System

“…The leakage of microwave was monitored by a microwave survey meter (Holiday Industries Inc., Model HI-1501) for safety and found to be less than 1 mW/cm 2 at distance of 5 cm far away from the microwave oven. The temperature inside the reactor is monitored and controlled by the control box (16). The temperature and power of microwave were monitored and recorded using a computer (21).…”

“…At first, fructose conversions into 5-hydroxylmethyl furfural (HMF), which is an important chemical block, in the presence of catalysts at hydrothermal condition [14] or in water mixture [15] are introduced. Second, we described partial oxidation of glycerol into formic acid with hydrogen peroxide at hydrothermal condition [16] . Both the hydrothermal reactions are described in the next section.…”

“…In addition, the selectivity of HMF formation by the microwave heating was slightly higher that by the outer heating. Figure 7 shows the experimental results of partial oxidation of glycerol in hydrothermal condition [16] . The reaction condition was 0.…”

“…1 mole of hydrogen peroxide is decomposed into 1 mole of H2O and 1/2 moles of O2 and so the ratio of glycerol to hydrogen peroxide in the batch type reactor (high pressure glass reactor for the microwave heating and stainless steel reactor for the outer heating) was 1:3.5. Here we focused on formic acid formation from glycerol because formic acid was expected as a sustainable hydrogen storage resource because it can easily decompose into hydrogen when needed [16] .…”