Hydrogen fuel utilization in CI engine powered end utility systems

Effects of hydrocarbon substitution on atmospheric hydrogen–air flame propagation

“…Consequently, extensive fundamental research has been conducted on the combustion characteristics of hydrocarbon-air mixtures with small amount of hydrogen addition [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Recently, in response to the concern over global warming, there is also increasing interest in the use of pure hydrogen as an energy source, in either combustion devices or fuel cells [12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Experimental investigations on effect of different compression ratios on enhancement of maximum hydrogen energy share in a compression ignition engine under dual-fuel mode

“…A very few studies are available in literature on the enhancement of the hydrogen energy share using water injection and compression ratio reduction techniques. For example, the hydrogen energy share was increased from 14.8% with conventional dual-fuel mode to 66% with dual-fuel mode using water addition [10]. Similarly, the other study indicates the improvement of the hydrogen energy share from 19% with conventional duel fuel mode to 36% with water added dual-fuel mode [11].…”

Comparison of Packed-Bed and Micro-Channel Reactors for Hydrogen Production via Thermochemical Cycles of Water Splitting in the Presence of Ceria-Based Catalysts

“…Its well-known challenges include production cost, transportation and storage. Hydrogen can be produced by various means, e.g., thermochemical processes, reforming processes, gasification, electrolysis, biological processes, and so on [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Conventional hydrogen production from either natural gas, coal, or biomass appears to be the most commercially available and affordable, although this unavoidably releases carbon emissions, radioactive elements, and air-borne pollutions into the atmosphere.…”

“…The two-step thermochemical cycle possesses advantages over the others in terms of the product's purity and yield [9]. The two-step thermochemical cycle reaction consists of (1) endothermic reduction, where the metal oxide material is reduced by thermal energy and/or chemical reducing agents, resulting in gaseous oxygen as a by-product and an active and non-stoichiometric reduced metal oxide, (2) exothermic oxidation, where the active metal oxides are oxidized by water, giving high-purity hydrogen as a product while the metal oxide is recycled back into its original stage [10][11][12]. The operating conditions-i.e., temperature, feed reactant and reaction time-of the two steps are different.…”

“…The operating conditions-i.e., temperature, feed reactant and reaction time-of the two steps are different. Thus, the process can either be carried out in (1) two reactors between which the solid material is moved, or (2) one reactor in which the operating conditions are switched back and forth from the reduction to the oxidation step. The former is suitable for solid materials that have high mechanical strength, have changed phase, and have been fully reduced/oxidized based on their stoichiometry, such as ZnO/Zn [13], CdO/Cd [14], SnO 2 /SnO [15], and GeO 2 /GeO [16], although the process requires a sophisticated quenching and control system.…”