Hydrogen Permeation and Hydrogen-Induced Cracking

Options of natural gas pipeline reassignment for hydrogen: Cost assessment for a Germany case study

“…Furthermore, material fracturing can be diminished in the case of static load operation [17]. However, the increased crack growth will have a negative impact on the material strength and thus on the O&M cost of the pipeline [10]. In the case of coating, the main strength is the coverage of the pipeline with a specific protection layer against hydrogen-induced degradation effects [19].…”

“…Finally, a countrywide analysis of pipeline availability constraints for the year 2030 shows a cost reduction of the transmission system by 30% in comparison to a newly built hydrogen pipeline system.The technical viability of pipeline reassignment relies on the capability of minimizing material failure due to hydrogen-induced damage and enabling secure hydrogen delivery. Hydrogeninduced material fracturing is caused by hydrogen permeation into the crystalline steel structure, and serves to diminish the material's mechanical properties, which are required for proper pipeline utilization [10]. The underlying hydrogen-induced material fracturing mechanisms of carbon steels are well understood, and is one of the reasons for equipment failure in the oil and gas industry [10,11].…”

“…Hydrogeninduced material fracturing is caused by hydrogen permeation into the crystalline steel structure, and serves to diminish the material's mechanical properties, which are required for proper pipeline utilization [10]. The underlying hydrogen-induced material fracturing mechanisms of carbon steels are well understood, and is one of the reasons for equipment failure in the oil and gas industry [10,11]. Drawing on the analyses in the literature, this study will focus on the two main mechanisms of pipeline material degradation that most likely result in the premature failure of conventional steel, namely: the degradation of heat-affected zones (HAZ) and fatigue crack propagation (FCP) in the base pipeline material [12].…”

Synthesis of Spherical V-Nb-Mo-Ta-W High-Entropy Alloy Powder Using Hydrogen Embrittlement and Spheroidization by Thermal Plasma

“…However, the hydrogen-annealed ingot became brittle so that many cracks appeared near the indentation marks after indenting, indicating that a simple milling method could be appreciable for powder fabrication. Based on the hydrogen-enhanced decohesion mechanism, the absorbed hydrogen causes not only a decrease in bonding strength of the lattice but an increase in brittleness as well, as a result of the accumulation of the absorbed hydrogen atoms at crack tips [26][27][28]. As a result, the absorbed hydrogen gets the BCC HEA ingot weakened to pulverization [36].…”

“…Hydrogen embrittlement is a good approach to obtain the required brittleness, which is simply achieved by exposure of metals to hydrogen atmosphere at an adequate temperature, resulting in the hydrogen-triggered ductile-to-brittle phenomenon [26]. The loss in strength of metals, when exposed to hydrogen, can be explained by the hydrogen-enhanced decohesion mechanism [26,27]. It is known that crack can be initiated and even propagated by the localized stress, induced by hydrogen absorption [28].…”