“…Cancer cells first secreted hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) to induce oxidative stress in adjacent fibroblasts as a form of accelerated aging; [30][31][32] at the same time, the cancer cells mounted an antioxidant defense by upregulating antioxidant proteins, such as TIGAR and peroxiredoxins. 29,33,34 Oxidative stress in the cancer-associated fibroblasts increased stromal ROS production, activating two major transcription factors, namely, HIF1a and NFκB, which both function as master regulators of autophagy, mitophagy, aerobic glycolysis as well as inflammation.…”